The Study On Agricultural Words In Yuan Dynasty's Agricultural Books

.Yuan Dynasty is a very important period during the accient agriculture's developingprocess. The change of society and polity,encourage from empires and interior reasons ofacademics precipitate the crashing compose of agricultural books in this term which is thesplendid period in the development of agricultural books. However, most books havedisappeared up to now. There are tree books preserved well now,they are Nongsang Jiyao(农桑辑要),Wangzhen Nongshu(王祯农书) and Nongsang Yishi Cuoyao(农桑衣食撮要撮要).Allthese three books comply the constructure of Qimin Yaoshu (齐民要术),consisting of richcontents, what's more, they are the gist of composing agriculture books in Qing Dynasty. Allthese make these books become the bridge of accient time and futher development . Three greatbooks wrriten with plain and simple words. Conflict the society situation up to Yuan Dynasty,which are important to linguistic researching. This essay based on three great books, try to traceback to its evolvement and descrip the essencial system of Chinese argicultural words byresearching the agricultural words and describing these words at the same time. During thisresearch, this essay will descrip agricultural words in these books systematically, standing onChinese word, theory and absorbing traditional teaching methods in primary schools.The essay is divided into 6 chapters in all:Chapter One: The preface. It talks about the documents of ancient agricultural books, thebasic conditions of research as well as the studying spoken material, meanings and methods ofthis text. The ancient agricultural books have a rich content and are not sorted according to afixed standard. Thus, there is not adurate total,even though a lot of agents and learners have donea enough research about the number of the ancient agricultural books. According to thedevelopment of history, we will give a brife introduction of the development of agriculturalbooks from ancient times to recent years, concluding that there are three climaxes cluring thewaving development, one of which is the tree great agricultural books in Yuan Dynasty. In thepast, the research mainly focused on more the definitions of the documents than the languageessays, especially the research on <齐民要术>in the middle ancient times. While few on thethoes in recent years, of course, no the research system, so it is meaningful to study this text.About the research ways, this text choose the multiple views to stud vocabulary of books the combination of fixed quantity and quality, Synchronic and Diachronic,the description andexplanation, the culture, the metophter.Chapter Two: The characteristic of linguistic corpus and the studying value of agriculturalbooks in Yuan dynasty. This chapter starts from two aspects. One is the characteristics oflinguistic corpus, the other is the studying value. First, in terms of characteristics, the agriculturalbooks are professional, common, regional and complex. The special language in agricultureshows its speciality. Besides, in everyday language, the common saying can be revealed in localnames of crops and implements and agricultural proverbs. In the dialect we can see theregionality while in the resource of words we observe the complexity. Second, as for studyingvalue, the words in Yuan agricultural books are evidences of the development of society. Alsothey put an effect on the study of modern Chinese and peofessional jargon, which providesignificant linguistic value in compiling dictionary as well.Chapter Three: The summary of agricultural books and vocabulance in Yuan dynasty. In thischapter, based on the definition of agricultural vocubularies, the agricultional words can beseprated into three levels, and it can be discribed systematically from the following parts: thespices of crops, the behaviors of planting and the agricultural tools, then, to the point ofdiachronic,describes the forms and developments of agricultural words in agricultural books ofYuan dynasty in detail. According to the form of agricultural words, it comes from the followingthree parts: the first is absorbed the people's common words. The second is following the pastagricultural words and the third is the new words generated in Yuan dynasty. And according tothe developments of agricultral words, the first is its enternal development, neither to beabandorned nor to be used continue and then is the penetrate of agricultral words to the commonwords or direct penetrate, or rich penetrate, or metaphor penetrate, or back to the origin. Wedescribe and analyse the phenomenon of the same things have the different names and thedifferent things have the same name .based on the analysis of synchronic and diachronic ofagricultural vocabulary in the Yuan Dynasty agricultural books.We analyse the causes of thesame things have the different names.the internal reasons are the pronunciation, vocabulary andrhetoric.the external reasons are the different naming motivation, the difference of language intime and space, the difference and change of Elegant and popular,and the context of linguisticand social environment. Chapter Four:The chapter is about the study and analysis of the meanings of theagricultural vocabularies occurs in the books on agriculture of the Yuan Dynasty. This chapter ismainly a systematic analysis of the meanings of the agricultural vocabularies by studying itsoriginal meaning, extended meaning, etymological meaning, semantic cluster as well as thedevelopment and evolution of the word meanings. The first point is that on the basis of analyzingthe relationship of the morpheme meanings between agricultural words, it makes a further studyof the relationship between the morpheme meanings and the word meanings. The relationship isthat two morpheme meanings can form a word meaning by combination, extension and blending.The second point is that on the basis of analyzing the original meanings of the agriculturalvocabularies, it will simply introduce the extended meanings system of the agriculturalvocabularies, and analyze the ways and modes that the extended meaning of the agriculturalvocabularies came into existence in details. The ways mainly include the similitude extension,the relevance extension and the synchronization extension while the modes mainly contain chainextension and comprehensive extension. The third point is that it will analyze the etymologicalmeaning of the nouns among the agricultural vocabularies. It mainly applies the cognate wordsto study the etymological meaning of the single syllable nouns,and study the etymologicalmeaning of the double syllable nouns of the vocabularies from the sources of meanings of themorphemes that make up a word and the reasons why they can combine and coagulate with eachother. The fourth point is that it analyzes and explains several semantic relations of theagricultural vocabularies, for example, synonymy relations, hyponymy relations and oppositionrelations. In the synonymy relations, it mainly describe the synonymous verbs from its structurecombinations and meanings and explain the reasons why there are so many synonyms from thedevelopment of the word meanings, double syllable, words with different order as well ascognate words. The fifth point is that we analyze the development and evolution of the wordmeanings of the agricultural words, mainly on the increase and decrease of the semantic spaces,the change of the range of the word meanings which includes the enlargement, reduction andshift. Moreover, it explains the evolution and development of the word meanings from theoutward and inward aspects of the language. This chapter makes every effort to make asystematic description and explanation of the agricultural vocabularies in the books onagriculture of the Yuan dynasty in its meanings. Chapter Five: In this unit, we mainly talk about in four aspects: active morpheme ofword-formation, types of word-formation,quantitation of agricultural words and transformationof nones and verbs. Active morpheme of word-formation mainly includes ripe, field, grow,connect and so on. Talking to the formation of agricultural words, there are five types—Lianhe,Pianzheng,Dongbin,Buchong and Fujia,among which Lianhe and Pianzheng are in the majorityand analysis in two aspects. The quantitation of agricultural words chiefly analyses the progressof how various parts of plants evolve as classifiers, while these words are stalk, root, individualplant, trunk, leaf, strip, aceae, tree, trip,branch, and family. To these words, we shall develop ouranalysis from their using situation during different ages, clerify the exat time of the formationand introduce the process of its virtualization in detail. At the same time, we shall discuss theirmechanism of formation in three aspects—metaphor,reasoning and generalization, basing ontheir meaning and congnition. As the transformation of verbs and nones, we chiefly describe thetransformation from names to function of farm implements words. Also we analyse the meaningand congnition of this transformation, and make a brief introduction of the principle ofprominence and proximity.The transformation of words is the result of human kind's cognitivestyle of metonymy.Chapter Six: The analysis on mytonymy recognition of agricultural words in Nong Shu inYuan dynasty. The chapter mainly focuses on the analysis of recognition system of agriculturalwords and culture. The principle of similarity is the basic priciple of it. It usually takes the plantsor different parts of plants as object, to analogy with other ones. Simultaniously the agriculturalprocess includes certain periods, using the similarity between the process of the growth of plantsand the developing course of things, to relize the process of it. In detail, we start from themytonymies of plants and their various parts, such as rice, peach, apricot, willow, pine, root,branch, flower, sprout, bud, as well as the process of having root, bosoming, germinating,outcoming, getting mature, farming, sowing, fertilizing, watering and havesting among theagricultural production to analyze the mytonymy recognition of agricultural words. Moreover,we'll further study it from the perspective of the cultural recognition on this basis.The conclusion including all the mainly points of the whole passage, including the coreview and some disadvantages. Through it, we can be sure of the direction in the future.