British Final Ten Years In Tibet (1937-1947)

The First chapter discussed about the British policy and action toward the area in the south of Mcmahon line. As a Governor of Assam government, Robert.Reid suggested the forward Policy to stir up the British to extend their operation and administration in Tawang .So, Captain Lightfoot have a exploration in Tawang, but after received protest of Tibetan Kashag, he went back .His successor was Henry Twynam, proposed another policy named "Control measure", he hoped Tawang area can be progressively administrated by British, step by step. But for reasons of finance crisis, H.M.G had not ratified it. Then,Olaf Caroe produced a long paper entitled "The Mongolia Fringe" ,as the defense of the Indian glacis by and through the stabilization of minor states or tribal organizations situated there, such as Nepal,Bhutan,Sikkim,Tibet, he want to deny the occupation of any Great power, and construct the barrier for Indian's defense .Then, India have a discussion held at Government House, Shillong, on August 1st, 1940.it was agreed that,in order to resist tax collecting and other incursions, it was necessary to establish advanced posts at Karko and Riga. Aggression of British India to Tibet aroused Tibetan nationalism,and lead an hostility to British. In Lhasa, Gould want to negotiate with Tibet Kashag, and want Kashag to admit validity of the 1914 convention. At the end of World war II,The British Government delivered "Suitability of the Se La range as an administrative boundary", and " History situation of North-East of Indian Frontier with Tibet" ,and propose to adjust McMahon Line, and move it to Se La pass. Hopkinson then went to Lhasa to negotiate with Kasha, but he was unsuccessful, in the eve of Indian independence ,The British-Indian put military points more and more near the Mcmhon Line.The second Chapter, discuss about the British Policy toward Tibet and the political situation and conversations of Gould, Kashag, and Tsunglien Shen. Under the British and pro-British Tibetans, Tibet Kashag and the foreign bureau made some action with intension to resist China Central government .so, China want to have a military attack to solve Tibet problems .In 1943, the British cabinet attitude and Aden memorandum decide mat the Government of British and the Government of India should avoid any unconditional admission of Chinese suzerainty. TheGould mission arrived in Lhasa to consult with Tibet Kashag on the subject of Tibet situation, then China appoint Tsunglien hold a post as the Mongolia-Tibet affairs committee's representative. Under the consideration of Anglo-Chinese relationship in World War II,The British foreign office want to review the Tibet policy ,but opposed by the Secretary of State for India and the Government of India at last, because Tibet autonomy was issued by Chinese Government, the quarrel between them calm down.The third Chapter, discussed about the British activities to block the traditional relationship between Chinese Central Government and Tibet local Government. For the installation ceremony for new Dalai Lama, Chinese Government sent Wu Chung-hsin., the header of the Mongolian and Tibetan affairs commission of Chinese government to Lhasa, as a symbol of Chinesesovereignty on Tibet. British want to interfere with it, they dispatched Gould to Lhasa. In 1941, Chinese Government designed a road and a pack route from China to India passing by Tibet, they want to solve China's material problems, However, the plan was aborted by intervention of British. Moreover British-India through military aids, penetrated the civilization, learn intelligence to alienate the Sino-Tibet relationship.Epilogue discussed about independence of India in 1947. 8, so the British activities in Tibet were over, but India Government inherit the Policy of British toward Tibet partly.