Symbiosis And Interaction

This study focus on the relationship between the changes of literature concepts and the reform of Chinese in Early 20th century of china(From the birth of modern literature to the Established of Yan'an literature strategy).The following are the main aspects of the relationship this paper have involved:a) How did the concepts of modern literature and the rhetorical ideals of modern Chinese echo to each others.b)How did the concepts of modern literature affect the characters of modern Chinese.c)How did modern Chinese support to modern literature in the process of its implementation.d)How did modern Chinese Literature conflict to the concepts of modern literature.In the first chapter of this Paper ,I have analyzed the thinkers requirements in the process of language and literature reforms in the late Qing Dynasty and the relationship between them., To pursuit modernity was a great narrative in the reforms of modern languages and literature, and this great narrative gave them the main rationality. Same pursuit made same characters: On one hand, they all were given a heavy historical mission and received so much attention-, The other hand, modern Chinese and literature was always at the location of tool, The cultural inheritance function of Language and the aesthetic character of literature were being ignored. The superior status of classical language in comparison with modern language and written in comparison with spoken were reversed in the process of modem Chinese reform. At the same time, the superior status of poems was replaced by novels and the ordinary people instead of the aristocracy were set for the readers in the literature reform. These changes in modern Chinese and modern literature have the same positive significance. Novel revolutionary was the convergence of language and literature reform in the late Qing Dynasty. The prosperity of vernacular fiction was not only the achievement of modern literature, but also the achievement of modern Chinese.In the second chapter of this Paper, I have studied the relationship between the realistic pursuit in modern Chinese reform and the concept of realism in modern literature reform. Scientific values established in West was imported to China by reformers in the period of May 4 Literary Revolution. As a result ,realism which also come from the West became a respectable concept in the filed of modern literature. But ancient Chinese, especially ancient classical Chinese was in a disadvantageous place compared with western languages in the expression of objective knowledge and was in conflict to literary realism. So Hu Shi and his colleagues transformed literary reform into Chinese reform. When they want to find a new literary language more suitable to realism at first, they had put their eyes on the ancient vernacular. However, there was also a big gap between the concept of realism and the ancient vernacular. In the process of the formation of modern Chinese, vernacular translation had greatly helped modern Chinese to improve its realism character. This process of vernacular translation included literary translation. Literary written also played an important role in the process of "Europeanization" of modern Chinese. To some extent, the development of modern Chinese was a process which took western languages as a model to transformation ancient Chinese. The realistic character of modern Chinese was highly strengthened in this process. To improve realistic character of modern Chinese and to pursuit realistic achievement of modern literature were two interactive processes. On one hand, The translation from western literature to Chinese and the literary creation in modern Chinese were parts of the linguistic effort to improve modern Chinese realistic character through Chinese "Europeanization". The other hand, a more grammatical, more logical and more distinct Chinese had provided a support to modern literary realistic achievements.In the third chapter of this Paper, I have studied the relationship between the individualism in modern Chinese literature and the rhetoric ideals in modern Chinese at its born time. When Chinese writers pursued to reappear the social life realistically in the period of May 4, they also pursued to express their minds realistically. The revolution in modern Chinese poetry meant to cross the language forms to catch up with the writer's inner world. They assumed the vernacular as a language which was closest to their heart, put forward a series of concepts such as "natural syllable" and " natural rhythm ". Guo Moruo and his colleagues developed these views to an extreme. The individualism fiction writers in the period of May 4 created an "inner-talking-discourse ",a typical May 4 Style discourse. The linguistic pursuit of individualism literature had a relationship of cooperation and interaction with the rhetoric ideals at beginning of the establishment of modern Chinese. The rhetorical theorists of Modern Chinese creatively transformed the ancient rhetorical concepts such as "Truthfulness and sincere to speech "(xiu-ci-li-cheng),"express clearly is better"(ci-da-er-yi), and provided an new rhetorical concepts "suitable words for your minds "(qia-hao-gang-dao). The rhetorical concept "suitable words for your minds" built the basis on belief of a high trust in words. It was not only opposed to excessively use of words, but also opposed to save words. This rhetorical concept was highly in agreement with the individualism in modern literature, and it was a direct rhetorical basis when the modern writers chose their linguistic styles on the beginning of modern literature history.In the fourth chapter and fifth chapter of this Paper, I have studied the relationship between the development of aesthetic formalism in modern literature and the growth of aesthetic character in modern Chinese. In May 4th literary concepts, there was a point which took literature not as a tool but as an ontology. Despite the concept of aesthetic formalism was on the edge of the literary concept system in the May 4th period, it had helped the reformers to correct the errors on May 4 literature and to perfect modern literature in its form in the late time. After the May 4 period, modern Chinese literature had gone through a process from a controversy on to use classical Chinese or to use vernacular to a controversy on beauty and ugliness of literature, and through a process from to belief aesthetic individualism to aesthetic formalism. As a literary ideal, aesthetic formalism had left a distinctive mark in the texts of fictions, poems and essays in 1920s and 1930s. The achievements in aesthetic formalism in modern literature had destroyed a conservative point which declared only Ancient Chinese was suitable for art, modern Chinese was only suitable for daily communication. People's Confidence on modern Chinese was greatly enhanced.In the sixth chapter of this Paper, I have studied the linguistic aspect of the literary popularization turning in 1930s and its influence on modern Chinese. Some modern reformers took oral style as a main character of modern written Chinese, this point was one-side. Comparing with the ancient classical Chinese, modern Chinese has the oral style and the trend of popularization. But in essence, the new literary Chinese is a written language, an intellectual language. This language echoed the May 4 thinker's stand of enlightenment and individualism. The characters of Europeanization, grace and aesthetic had great significance to the growth of modern Chinese. The reformers who wanted to change these characters in the literary popularization turning were blind. They stressed the importance of national form of Chinese in this turning. This point had some constructive significance to the growth of modern Chinese. But they just took the nationalization of Chinese as a tool of popularization, and the classical traditional of Chinese literature was out of their eyes. So the literary popularization turn in 1930s had little achievement. Whether for the development of modern Chinese or for the development of modern literature, there were so many regrets had been made by the reformers.The period studied by this paper was an important period on modern Chinese literature history. In this period modern reformers were more concerned about the issue of Chinese, and the changes of modern Chinese were more obvious than other periods. This period was also a period in which time modern literature had the biggest contribution on the development of modern Chinese. In such a period, the most possible relationships between Modern Chinese and modern Literature had occurred. Therefore, when people had some confusion on Chinese issue in the late time, they always baked to this period to look for the answers. This determines the academic significance of this paper.