The Explortation Of Turpan's Multi-national Problem During The Fourth To The Eighth Century

From the ancient times till now, Turpan has been a multi-ethnic areawhose multi-national situation is a process of the formation of history. Besides, thehistory and the culture of Turpan is co-created by local inhabitants from all nationalities.The thesis is divided into seven chapters to discuss the multi-nations.Chapterâ… , Preface. This chaper is arranged with the publication of works, givingsimple introduction of the history of Turpan and the research of multi-nationalrelationship.Chapterâ…¡, Evolution of Geographical Envionment and History of Turpan. Fromthe perspectives of time and space, this chapter sketches out the stage of activity ofTurpan inhabitants in the ancient times.Chapterâ…¢, The Population and Family Names of Turpan People. This chaptermainly discusses and demonstrates the total population of various ages, thearrangement of family names, and the ratio of surnames between Hu and Han people.Chapterâ…£, The Formation of Multi-nation. This chapter discusses the activities ofthe people of Cheshi, Xiongnu, Rouran, Turk, Chile, Sogdian, Yanqi, Qiuci, Shanshanand Han.Chapterâ…¤, The Land of Four Boundaries of A Piece of Land and Coexistence inTurpan. This chapter discusses the influence of crossing living on the eara ofagricultural production according to land range records in manuseripts or materialsabout household registers.Chapterâ…¥, National Communication and Hanization of Turpan which centeredaround buy-sell agreements and weights and measures. This chapter mainly deals withthe influence of Han culture on the earas of Turpan.Chapterâ…¦, Multi-ethnic Families of Turpan. This chapter discusses the formationof multi-ethnic families.This thesis took reference from the following books, including TurpanManuscripts, Study on Turpan Manuscripts Collected by Sir Aurel Stein, The NewTurpan Manuscripts and it's Research, Turpan Manuscripts in Japanese Ningle ArtGallery, The Study of Chinese Ancient Account Book, The Complete Otani Documents,Notes of the Collection of Brick Scripts Unearthed in Turfan. According to the subjectof the thesis, the materials were picked up from these historical documents that mainlyranged from fourth to eighth century, therefore, this thesis mainly deals with the timescope of fourth to eighth century. In addition, this thesis also took advantage ofdocuments and books of Han, such as Xin Tang Shu, Tang Hui Yao, Tang Lv Shu Yi,Quan Tang Wen.Based on careful study, this thesis discusses the issue of multi-nationalies of Turpan from a new angle, and acquires a lot of new enligtenments.Firstly, by analyzing the distribution of surnames in different times and the ratio ofsurnames between Hu and Han people, the author found the various surnames changedwith time. In the period of Gaochang county, the constitution of Hu and Han people wasat the early stage of formation, while the period of Gaochang kingdom was the rapiddevelopment for multi-ethnic groups co-existence. Among the new surnames, Hu'ssurnames incresed greatly. The constitution of Hu and Han people was morecomplicated. In the period of Xizhou, the new surnames in Hu people were not morethan those in Han people, which was related to the ruin of Gaochang by Tang Dynastyand to Han people's migration.Secondly, most of manuscripts and materials on household registers recorded"Four-extension". By analyzing the land of four-extension and the nationality oflanderlord, the author showed the state of co-existence and cooperative relationshipformed in the process of work, which played a vital role in the communication andintegration of multi-ethnic groups.Thirdly, by analyzing the buy-sell agreements in Han manuscript in Turpan and thecommon law for agreements, the author found the Hu merchants came from all over theworld, such as west region in Yanqi, Qiuci, Kuche etc. and even central Asia, which wasproved by the surname of Zhaowujiuxing. And businesses varied in local mutli-ethnicinhabitants. However, the Hu merchants in the Turpan market strictly obeyed localcontract system in Han script, accepted the restriction of the local folk custom andconducted according to local contract customary law.Fourthly, the weights and measures was inevitable in people's social and economiclife. The specific evidences showed that in daily communication, the residents ofnationalties in Turpan adopted the same appliances and units of weights and measuresas the people in the central part of China, which had already widely permeated in thedaily life of residents for all nationalities. Both local Han people and people from othernationalities had no way to evade the long-term and subtle influence.Finally, Turpan manuscripts showed that the problem of multi-nationalities wasalso represented in multinational family. After studying and researching the families,documents and references, the author found that there were always two ways to formmulti-nationalties. One was to be a family member by intermarrige, and the other, to bethe slave of a family by means of salve trade. No matter how many nationalities were inthe family, they were living together in one family, engaging in production, learning andadapting to each other, which greatly contributed to the integration of nationalities.