A Study Of Culture Dissemination From Han To Miao Areas & Miao's Reaction Of It In 18 Century

It had been a historical period that Han and Miao culture had went through a difficult time to be integrated each other in 18 century, even when their interactions had been quite frequent but their relations sometimes was easy-going, sometimes not. The researches about this in the academis world often focused on the issues of the intense expansion of central authority and the fierce revolt against it from Miao in those areas. For instance, refering to the issues of invasion of the central government,"GAITU GUILIU"policy ( taking the administrative power from the local chieftains back to the central government) has been studied by numerous reseachers who accounted the policy as a evidence of"the law of historic development"; as to the revolt issues, there are many studies about the Miao rebellions occurred in YongZheng-QianLong and QianLong-JiaQing periods too, argued that the rebellions are righteous and correct from a perspectives of class & ethical struggle. The author thinks , if these two kinds of studies are examined separately, then both of them has their unique view for the research and their conclusions reflected some historical features on a certain level, but in general, as regard to the positive correlation between"GAiTU GUILIU"and the Miao rebellions existed in history,some inferences from researches are contradictory and partited. There are more than one scaleplate being used to make comments and judgements about two kinds of researches, so it would not have a complete and real image of historical event.Based on the above opinions, the author adopted several theoretical perspectives in study of the rationship & cultural dissemination between Han and Miao in South-China in 18 century: the theoretical frame of"World Economy System"of American sociologist Emmanuel Wallerstein who used concepts such as"Central areas","Peripheral areas"and"Semi-peripheral areas"in his book Modern World System", and"Multi-ethnicities in one Chinese entity"theory offered by renowned sociologist Fei Xiaotong, as well as some other theoretical ideas about civilization, civilized entity and cultural dissemination. Three issues has been argued:First, Red Miao lived in La Er mountain areas of West-Hunan province before"GAI TU GUILIU"and Black Miao lived in LeiGong mountain areas of Southeast-Guizhou province were original Miao who had developed its own independent civilization.Second,"GAITU GUILIU"is regarded as a kind of strong cultural dissemination towards Miao from monarchy Qing Dynasty.Third, 18 century Miao rebellions happened in Hunan and Guizhou provinces was the result of confrontation of big differences between original Miao culture in Leigong & La Er mountain areas and a strong political Confucianist culture, which forced upon Miao by the policy of"GAITU GUILIU".At the same time, while the policy of"GAITU GUILIU"had been carried out in Miao areas many Han people immigrated there and brought new production technics and new economical relations, which had the intense collision and the cultural conflict with the old way of production and economical relation existed in Miao areas. This kind of coercive culture dissemination (from top to bottom, from outside to inside ) with a extremely strong speed and force affected original Miao areas more than their culture could withstand, therefore, there were serious problems of suitabilities, anomies and tensions during the process of cultural intergration.The local officials and their administrative organizations who had played a main role in transmitting political culture of Central authority did not provide immediate feedback of what was going on then to the central government for its prompt readjustment in the way of dissemination, instead, they tried to free-load or lined their pockets. The easy gains of officials, plus the problems of unsuitabilities, anomies and tensions of original Miao, made Miao people including some of high class Miao feel that they were marginalized and deprived, all of those discontentments strengthened Miao identity and their ethnic emotion and finally brought a large-scale Miao rebellions.This research described the cultural dissemination and expansion implemented by Qing Dynasty through its's political, economical and military power towards remote Miao areas in 18 century; how Miao whose culture development was inferior in the time responded to this cultural expansion and dissemination; through what way this respondence was manifested. This description will help us to know not only the mutual relations among various ethnic groups, minorities and cultures in our multinational country but also the process and the law of their mutual communication, assimilation, struggle or amalgamation, as well as the specific background and history conditions. So, this research, by using both descriptive and explanatory methods, is a study of history of ancient society.It is a historical research and mainly uses historical literatures."Official literatures"being always important in historical approaches certainly are main resources of this study. But in view of the fact that there are some of Han-centralism and political centralism in history compiling and editing, this study quoted a large amounts of archives, local chronicle records and notes of some persons implicated in the events or someone who lived at the time. In addition, some of investigation reports written by modern scholars have also been quoted when some history records are unclear or some facts and systems are extremely fuzzy.