The Phonological Study Of Northeast Dialect In Qing Dynasty

In recent years,Chinese dialect research has become a popular title, besides the fruitful research of traditional dialects as Yue dialect,Wu dialect,Min dialect Kegan dialect,Shangdong dialect and Jin dialect also develope rapidly.Northeast dialect is a important part of North dialect, considering the current research,neither northeast dialect research nor the Northeast dialect voice study developed well,particularly on the research of the northeast dialect phonetics history,the fact can not go with the importance of dialect history and the phonetics history。the research of the northeast dialect voice in Qing dynasty is the important part of the northeast dialect researc.At present,few researches are carried out in a systemic way, and we can not understand the Northeast dialect voice during this period,in part,the fact may influence the understanding of modern Putonghua phonetics system,and the development of "phonetic correction"project in the national language field.Therefore,it is very significant for the research of Northeast dialect pronunciation in Qing dynasty:first,the research may fill the vacancy of Northeast dialect history,secondly,it may provide the basic materials for the revision of Chinese phonetics history;thirdly,it may provide important materials and conclusion for the research of modern Putonghua phonetics and pronunciation correction project;lastly,it may prove the origin of Putonghua basic phonetics system.Therefore,it is necessary to explore this title。But there are also some barriers in such research,such as the multiple peoples in the north,the complex immigrants,the combination of the original minority and the immigrants.In addition,on the approaches,the less link between the current research and verse literature collection,and the less utilization of origin, derivation,character,literature,history,and folk language,and it can employ the new theory and new methods masterly.In recent years,though there are a few scholars engaged in this field,it is far from the systemic research,so it is necessary to make a full research.This essay is mainly based on several books which can reflect northeast dialect as "huangzhong tongyun","yinyun fengyuan",and foreign books as "huayin qimeng yanjie","nine guixing", "zhinayu jiangyi" from Japan and Korea.During the course of research,it mainly relies on the phonetic characters in ancient works,utilizes the Korean, Japanese literature as assistance;to make a point from the former,to testify and develop by the following.The essay explores the several characters of Chinese dialect phonetic system in Qing dynasty from every aspects,and make sound statements and explanations about the formation,development and the influence on the following phonetics of these charecters.Based on the real facts,the essay aims at a scientific consideration and investigation on the current phonetic material,enlarges the span of phonetic research,and explores the value of dialect verse.The essay is divided into six chapters.Chapter one:Introduction.In this section,the essay mainly covers the condition of Northeast dialect phonetics in one hundred years,according to the statistic,,and considering the numbers,the depth and span of the research,the research of the Northeast dialect in one hundred years briefly focused on the vocabulary and grammar,and did not reveal the history of Northeast dialect phonetics,and it is same to the Japanese scholars in this field.Based on the previous achievements and correct conclusion and methods,and also the new problems and unsolved issues,the essay explores the phonetic system of Chinese dialect in the north in Qing dynasty, makes up the key element of phonetic history,and finds an important resource of Putonghua phonetic system.Chapter two:Administration,population and language in the north in Qing Dynasty.In this section,the essay makes a survey about the geography and administrative restrictions in the north that period as Fengtian General,Jilin General,Heilongjiang General,and Mongolian reign.And then classifies the north region in Qing Dynasty.Based on this point,the essay explores the connection between northern administration in Qing Dynasty and that nowadays.It makes clear about the population and living conditions in this area after liaojin period by literature and immigrant history,briefly focuses on the immigration,exile of Han people,the origin from and the arrival time,and explores the language contact among different peoples(examples of the influence of language contact).The essay also makes a survey about the origin of "guanzhang"and its influence on the phonetic system in the north,and flowing people,immigrants,exiles influence on the formation of northeast dialect phonetics.the essay reveals that a large number of people speaking northeast dialect came into Beijing with the invasion of Qing,they carried northeast dialect to Beijin,after living Beijing for a period of tiem,some of them left for the north for no business there,and the opportunity appeared that north dialect could make a contact with Beijing dialect,after removing from Beijing, most of them settled in heilongjian province and jilin province,so Chinese dialect in these two provinces is quite similar to Beijing dialect.So it is obvious that northeast dialect phonetic system is one important resource of Putonghua phonetic syste.And then the essay explores Chinese phonetic system in Qing Dynast.And states the main characters of northeast dialect phonetic system in Qing Dynasty by the contrast of phonetics of "qieyun" and "zhongyuan yinyun",for instance,the essay makes a investigation on the simplicity of consonant,vowel,and tune.Chapter three "Huangzhong tongyun"concerns with study on phonological system and northeast regional tones.First it briefly introduces the general idea of "huangzhong tongyun" and arranges predecessors' study fruit.Secondly it concludes and induces the phonological system of "huangzhong tongyun "from three aspects:initial consonants,vowels and tone.Furthermore,it takes deeply explore on some important phonological phenomenon that prepares important materials for study on northeast regional phonology in Qing dynasty. In terms of initial consonants,it induces initial consonants' systems and takes deeply explore on dental sibilants.In terms of vowels,it concludes and induces all phonetic types that every phonetic part involved and what relationships among the origin,spread and development of every phonetic types.In terms of tone,it investigates tone system of this book and explores the relationship between the tone attributes of the book and northeast regional tone types. What this book reflects on phonological phenomenon has established the foundation for further explore on many a character of northeast regional phonological systems in Qing dynasty.Chapter four,"Yinyun fengyuan" voice system and the sound test of north-east China.First "yinyun fengyuan" and its research are briefly introduced,its voice system is summed up from the three aspects of the initial consonant,vowel,and tone,and some of the important phenomena are discussed in detail.In the case of consonants,its system is summarized as a total of 21;of vowels,the detailed analysis is completed on the basis of each rhyme contained in category and type of the source of rhyme,the evolution of division and its development;of tones,from the split between yin and yang cloud on returning into the camp on three aspects of four tones,the tone of "yinyun fengyuan" is discussed.On the basis of this,the relationship between" yinyun fengyuan" voice system and the northeast sound in the Qing Dynasty is analysed.At the same time,combined with the situation of the voice "huangzhong tongyun" reflected,the features of voice in north-east dialect in the Qing Dynasty are refined.Chapter five is about the theory between four phonemes of Korean literature and northeast dialect in Qing dynasty.As a result of history, geography,overland transportation,trade communication,custom,emigration and so forth,the phoneme system of Korean conversation materials is quite close to northeast dialect,moreover,in Korean minimal pairs,phonetic transcription is more intuitionistic and clearer than traditional Chinese rhyme which is full of complex terms.Therefore,Korean minimal pair's literature has an effect on clarifying phonetic characteristics,testifying their conclusions.In addition,Korean minimal pair's literature not only makes up the lost latter-day phonetic files at home,but also provides a better proof for Chinese phonetic history."huayu qimeng yanjie" and "nine guixing" are fantastic phonetic materials of studying northeast dialect in Qing dynasty,based on northeast formal language and some characteristics of Beijing formal language.This chapter studies these Korean phonetics through both books above all,such as disappearance of V,devocalization from vocalization,no initial from initial R, confusion of Level and Oblique Tones,checked tone,disappearance of[-m] coda in northeast dialect,final with ER and no tone,and discusses the relationship between them and testify the characteristics of northeast dialect's phonetic system in Qing dynasty further.Chapter six discusses the theory between two phonemes of Japanese literature and northeast dialect in Qing dynasty.Based on the study of Research on "zhinayu jiangyi"and "manzhou tuyu yanjiu",two Japanese books which explore the north-east dialect during the periods of the beginning and the middle of the 20^th century,this thesis analyzes,organizes and summaries the phonetic phenomenon embodied in the corpus of phonetic notes of the two works mentioned above.The findings from the comparison between the phonetic features of the two books and the phonology of the north-east dialect during the early Qing Dynasty throws much light on the historical evolution of the phonetic system of the north-east dialect in the past 200 years from the early Qing Dynasty till today.That Japanese is over Chinese in recording the sound symbols can reflect the evolution in a more direct way.Conclusion.The author reviews what he has discovered and summaries what he has mainly achieved.