Soviet Union, Ethnic And Political Integration Model

Inter-ethnic political integration is a multi-ethnic country makes the various ethnic integrate into a unified political community by using political power, and maintaining this community process. On the multi-ethnic country, inter-ethnic political integration is a very important problem; the Soviet Union is not exception. The ethnic problems of the Soviet Union are very complicated. In order to integrate the various peoples into a unified national political community, the Soviet Union built a very unique pattern of inter-ethnic political integration.The inter-ethnic political integration model was built in a specific historical environment. The environment is the background and platform of the inter-political integration of the Soviet Union. It radically affects the construction of the inter-ethnic political integration mode of the Soviet Union. From the material in terms of economic environment, after the founding of the Soviet Union the national economy was on the brink of collapse and the industrial production distribution is imbalance. This makes the overall development of the Soviet Union not only lags behind the national economy but also quite different levels of economic development of all ethnic groups. The Soviet Union is a very prominent ethnic heterogeneity of countries, not only the origin of all different ethnic, and cross many ethnic nationalities have very different social processes. Speaking from the political and legal environment, the Soviet union is a country that has the dual sovereignty. The Soviet Union is a sovereign country, and each Union Republic is also a legal sovereign state. However, the republic's political status does not equal the actual in the national political body, and the Russian Republic in the national political system is a privileged status. Thought the Soviet Union repeatedly declared that ethnic equality in law, in fact, the ethnic groups are not equality in reality. This makes the Soviet culture can not avoid being a traditional Russian political culture, that authoritarian tradition and the erosion of the Culture of subjects. From the historical and cultural terms, the Soviet national language diversity, religious diversity, ethnic character of polarization of conflicts, ethnic divide is very serious. Speaking from the international political environment, the Soviet Union and the Western capitalist countries have been at war and besieged in Lenin and Stalin. In the period of Khrushchev and Brezhnev, the international relations have eased somewhat, but there are also easing the confrontation. In the period of Gorbachev, although the international tension is further loosening, the capitalist countries carry out peaceful evolution to the Soviet Union. The history of the inter-ethnic political integration in Soviet Union is dates back to Lenin. Early in the 19th century early 20th century, Lenin uptake and the development of the Marxist concept of national equality, not only to ensure the ethnic's equal that political status and legal status, but also the equal in reality. On the basis of equality in the nation, On the basis of equality in the nation, Lenin formed his political integration of inter-ethnic. In other words, Lenin advocated federalism, national self-detennination and national integration. Lenin's political integration of Ethnic Groups becomes the source and basis of the inter-ethnic political integration in Soviet Union. However, because of the historical limitations, the starting point of the Lenin deal with the ethnic issues, is the "revolutionary needs" instead of "national integration", is the "class interest" rather than "nation building". This makes the occasion of Lenin's political integration of ethnic, in a sense with a temporary, emergency response and flexibility features.In the 1920s the later period, Stalin caught the international environment tremendous change keenly, and concluded:Now the war question is the basic question. Therefore, Soviet Union established a set of altitude centralization to prepare for the system, and formed inter-political integration in this foundation. The formation process of the inter-political integration mode of the Soviet Union is actually a process of evolution, that is, the Central Union continued a process of centralization. In state power crosswise assignment, Communist Party of the Soviet Union centralizes power; in state power longitudinal assignment, each Union Republic's autonomous authority also gradually uppers shift with the centralism to the alliance central committee.The inter-political integration is a system of complex structure, including integration subject, object, and the conformity structure integration. The reason that the Soviet Union promotes inter-political integration is that safeguards sovereignty unified and maintenance territorial integrity; construct national identity and promote national identity. In order to achieve this goal, the Soviet communist party must perfect oneself construction, and constructs the political authority, optimize the political performance, increase national cohesion, and also against the Great-Russian Chauvinism and contain the expansion of local nationalism.The value orientation of the Soviet Union is to achieve national homogeneity. In order to achieve homogeneity of the country, the Soviet Union launched a strong assistance to the minority ethnic groups. However, with the expansive of the Great-Russian Chauvinism, the minority interest orientation of inter-political integration change into the Russian interest orientation. In other words, the orientation of the Soviet Union is assimilations.The Soviet Union takes the Politicized integration path. First, the Soviet Union processed ethnic recognize and delineation of ethnic boundaries. Second, the government gives more help to ethnic in order to promote the development of ethnic. After Khrushchev came into power, he reforms the political and economic system and affects deeply the inter-political integration mode of the Soviet Union. However, Khrushchev inherited Stalin's the thought that ethnic group is no contradiction, so he is not really reform the mode of inter-political integration.In 1964, Brezhnev came to power, and adjusts the "free" reforms of the Khrushchev reforms. At last, he suspends the confusion of Khrushchev reform. Union centralization is not only the central re-started, and the cadre's tenure has also been restored. Therefore, the inter-political integration was gradually toward the stagnation. However, ethnic environment has been changing. It lead to the infer-political integration interior is full of contradictions: the contradiction between the rising ethnic consciousness and dropping Ideological cohesion; the contradiction between the deep ethnic conflict and the decline of national capacity; the contradictions between open environment and the close system of inter-ethnic political integration.The inter-ethnic political integration is full of contradictions, but not to collapse. Because in ethnic contradictions, bundle on five tough link. However, with Gorbachev "open", "democracy" and "diversity", the implementation of five bonds were gradually blurred or break. As a result, the inter-ethnic political integration mode of the Soviet Union is collapsed. Thought the inter-ethnic political integration mode of the Soviet Union is collapsed, we should learn it lesson. The reason that the inter-ethnic political integration mode of the Soviet Union success in the period of Stalin. Looking from the external cause, the cruel war environment makes ethnic very unity; Looking from the internal cause, The Soviet communist party is very strong. Look from microcosmic reasons, the policies of the Soviet ethnic is right generally. From on macroscopic see, their economic development is very good. Look from shallow reason, The Soviet people of all ethnic groups conducted a wide range of cooperation; Look from the deep reasons, The Soviet communist party have strong ruling legitimacy.The failure reasons of the inter-ethnic political integration mode in the Soviet Union are very complex. Look from internal reason, it is the development of the ethnic contradiction; Look from the external cause, the reason is the Western peaceful evolution. Tell from history, the reasons is contradiction between the nation and ethnic; tell from reality, the failure of the Gorbachev reform induce the collapse of the inter-ethnic political integration mode.looking from the subjective aspects, Political leaders have wrong in the ethnic relations. Objectively speaking, Soviet Union's ethnic problem is too complex.From the Soviet model of political integration between success and failure, we can see absorb a lot of lessons. One of the most important is, ethnic political integration mode should keep pace with The Times. Only in this way, we can maximize the promotion of national political community's firm.