Mao Zedong Era's Diplomatic Strategy Of China Towards The U.S.S.R. And The U.S. Under The Influence Of Ideology

Marxism-Leninism is the social mainstream ideology during the Mao Zedong Era. It has a very important effect on many aspects such as China's social politics, economy and culture during the New Democratic Revolution and the period of socialist construction. Diplomacy is the continuation of internal affairs. Marxism-Leninism has an important effect on China's diplomatic strategy to the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. during the Mao Zedong era. Because the era background and the historical task are different in different historical periods, Marxism-Leninism ideology has shown distinct characteristics during different historical periods. The era background and historical task are changing during different periods, so the Chinese government and leaders adjust diplomatic strategy timely to safeguard China's largest national interests during the Mao Zedong era. With regard to the effect of Marxism-Leninism ideology in different periods on China's diplomatic strategy towards the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. during the Mao Zedong era, this dissertation holds that the effect of Marxism-Leninism ideology is mainly reflected in guiding the formulation of China's diplomatic strategy towards the U.S.S.R. and the U.S., expounding the rationality of China's diplomatic strategy towards the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. and integrating social forces to carry them out. Under certain historical background, the ideology of Marxism-Leninism has a limited effect on the formulation and implementation of China's diplomatic strategy towards the U.S.S.R. and the U.S.. It is an important factor influencing China's diplomatic strategy but not a determinant one. It is national interest that really determines China's diplomatic strategy.The first chapter explains the relevant concepts such as ideology and diplomatic strategy and demonstrate the relationship between ideology and diplomatic strategy. Concept is the foundation of argumentation. If concept is not clear, to argument is like to build tower on the sands, so the conclusion lacks persuasion. Then is to analyze that the ideology influencing China's diplomatic strategy is the ideology of Marxism-Leninism, which shows different characteristics in different historical periods during the Mao Zedong era. The main reason is that the historical task of Chinese people is changing during different periods, so is China's diplomatic strategy. The effect of Marxism-Leninism ideology is mainly to prove the legitimacy and expound the rationality of China's diplomatic strategy towards the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. and integrate social forces to carry them out.The second chapter is to discuss the influence of Marxism-Leninism ideology on the Communist party's diplomatic strategy of uniting the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. before the founding of New China. Centered on pursuing national independence and liberation, the reality appeal of nationalism is the characteristic of Marxism-Leninism in this historical period, which mainly reflects in the pursuit of independent sovereign status for the Chinese nation in the world arena and searching the road of social revolution and progress in China. During the Anti-Japanese War, confronted with the life or death threat to the whole nation posed by the Japanese imperialist aggression, the Chinese Communist party adopted the diplomacy of uniting the U.S. and finally defeated the Japanese invaders. During the Liberation War, the Kuomintang dictatorship refused to organize a democratic government. The Chinese Communist party adopted the diplomacy of uniting Soviet Union and finally defeated reactionary Chiang regime to build China into a people's democratic country. The sinicization of Marxism-Leninism during this period is mainly manifested in the realistic appeal of nationalism and uniting the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. is the reflection of this appeal in the diplomatic strategy.The third chapter studies the rationality of China's diplomatic strategy of uniting the U.S.S.R. and opposing the U.S. between the period of establishment of the P.R.C. and the mid-1950s. After the establishment of the new regime, the United States not only threatened China's national security, but also united other countries to impose an economic blockade against China. China's security interest, political interest and economic interest were gravely damaged by the U.S.. China and the U.S.S.R. shared the same ideology of Marxism-Leninism. They both suffered the containment and blockade by the U.S, which laid the realistic foundation of China's diplomatic strategy of uniting the U.S.S.R. and opposing the U.S.. The diplomatic strategy of uniting the U.S.S.R. and opposing the U.S. safeguarded China's national security and promoted economic and social development in China. The ideology of Marxism-Leninism in this period is characterized by the establishment of socialist road and its reflection in China's diplomatic strategy is joining the socialist camp to copy with the severe situation of the US's containment.The fourth chapter expounds how the magnification of class struggle affected China's diplomatic strategy to the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s. During this period, the Marxist-Leninist ideology was mainly characterized by the magnification of class struggle. After serious "left" errors in domestic construction, the Chinese leaders made wrong estimate of the situation and domestic class struggle magnification gradually influenced diplomatic relations. America's threat to China did not remove. The Soviet Union evolved from China's ally to China's enemy. The two parties moved from divergence to split and bilateral relation gradually came towards collapse. China faced serious security environment. China took the diplomatic strategy of counter-U.S.S.R. and anti-U.S., opposing the world's two strongest countries with limited power. From the mid-1950s, the world situation began to ease off. Although China's aggressive diplomatic strategy maintained national security, it cost too much. The diplomatic strategy of counter-U.S.S.R. and anti-U.S. is a matter for argument.The fifth chapter dwells on China's diplomatic strategy of uniting the U.S. and opposing the U.S.S.R. influenced by Marxism-Leninism during the end of 1960s and 1970s. During this period Marxism-leninism ideology is characterized by weakening class struggle and beginning to respond to international environment objectively and pragmaticly. The ultra-lefist diplomacy during the Cultural Revolution made China reach its nadir. China faced worsening security environment because of increasing threat from the U.S.S.R.. The understanding and judgement of the Chinese government and leaders about the international security and national security began to transcend the traditional concept of international ideology and system. And its reflection in the diplomatic stragtegy is uniting the U.S. of the first world, western developed countries of the second world and the developing countries of the third world to construct an international anti-U.S.S.R.front. The major turning point of diplomatic strategy eased the pressure on China's security and provided some ideas and experience for China to choose comprehensive peaceful diplomacy after the reform and opening up under the guidance of the principle of seeking truth from facts.