| National security perspective is a theoretical system based on national rulers and politicians' recognitions and viewpoints on national security. It includes rulers and politicians'assessments and judgments on the national security environment and threats, and their strategies and means to safeguard the interests of national security. National security perspective is affected by a number of factors. Once it is formed, it will has a certain degree of stability, but it is also a dynamic perspective which is constantly changing. It varies as the time, environment, leaders of major countries change.National security perspective plays an important role for a country. A scientific national security perspective allows a country to safeguard national security at minimal cost, while an unscientific national security perspective may greatly increase costs to safeguard a country, and the effects are not ideal.At the beginning of the foundation of the People's Republic of China, China believed that the world is in the new great era, and the world war is inevitable, while the United States adopted the peaceful evolution policy for China. With the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations, China was forced to "fight with two fists". Later, China took the initiative to adjust its relations with the United States so as to unite the United States to fight against the Soviet Union. Factors that affect China's national security perspective in the era of Mao Zedong include:complex international and domestic environments; relations based on ideology at early stage; impacts of the CPSU; the destroyed system of democratic centralism; misjudgments on China's national conditions and strengths; personal traits of Mao Zedong and so on. In order to safeguard national security, New China adopted the kind of "leaning to one side" policy in the beginning. Later, it was forced to adopt the "anti-imperialist and anti-revisionist" policy at the same time. Finally, it adopted policies, such as uniting the United States to fight against the Soviet Union, "one line", and "one large area". Militarily, Maoist China attended the war to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, and the Sino-Indian border conflict broke out. China also actively made preparations to prevent the attack of the Soviet Union. However, in this period, China also achieved the Indochine settlement by using a political solution. This shows that China's attitude towards the issue of war is very rational. Moreover, China also actively tried to use military force to liberate Taiwan, but failed. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong put forward the theory of "intermediate zone" which later developed into the theory of "three worlds".In the era of Deng Xiaoping, China's understanding on national security was more scientific. Deng Xiaoping believed that the theme of the times is "peace and development", and the world war can be avoided. However, with the changes in domestic and international situations, Deng Xiaoping felt that the country has a tendency of bourgeois liberalization, and foreign hostile forces tried to carry out the "peaceful evolution" in China. In the era of Deng Xiaoping, China believed that factors that threat national security also include hegemonism, unequal international political and economic order, etc.. Main factors that affect China's national security perspective in the era of Deng Xiaoping include:new changes in international pattern and situation, personal traits of Deng Xiaoping, objective judgments on China's national power, etc.. In this period, main ideas and measures for China to safeguard national security are:foreign relations focus on national interests, relations not based on ideology, gradual transformation from uniting the United States to fight against the Soviet Union (nonalignment) to carrying out the independent all-round diplomacy. In the context of sudden changes in the world situation, he put forward that China belongs to the third world and would not serve as a leader, encouraged the establishment of new international political order, actively promoted disarmament, and strengthened the modernization of the armed forces. For the territorial disputes, Deng Xiaoping proposed to shelve disputes, jointly develop, and seek common interests. For issues like Taiwan and Hong Kong, Deng Xiaoping creatively proposed the policy of "peaceful reunification, and one country, two systems". In addition, China was forced to initiate self-defense counterattack against Vietnam. Of course, Deng Xiaoping had a profound understanding on the country's own development, repeatedly stressing that economic construction should be taken as the central task.In the era of Jiang Zemin, China believed that peace and development is still the theme of the times, but the world is moving towards multipolarity; in this period, China believed that the main factor threatening the national security is hegemonism, but nontraditional security problems are prominent. Main factors that affect China's national security perspective in the era of Jiang Zemin include:sudden changes in international and domestic situations, such as the sudden changes in Russia and East Europe, Dissolution of the Soviet Union; Gulf War and 911 incident also stimulated China to a large extent; in this period, China believes that it is at the primary stage of socialism, and will stay in this stage for a long time. In the era of Jiang Zemin, main ideas and measures for China to safeguard national security include:adhere to the reform and opening up; propose the policy of good neighbourly and friendly relations for foreign relations; put forward the new security outlook; actively promote disarmament; implement the military strategy of active defense; anti-hegemony, and strive to promote multi-polarization; establish a new international political and economic order; enter the WTO, and sign a number of international treaties. In addition, China also actively tried to resolve the Taiwan issue.In the era of Hu Jintao, China believes that peace, cooperation and development represent the main theme of the times, but hegemonism and power politics still exist. In the period, China points out that the sources that threat national security are multi-dimensional and multi-level, and nontraditional security problems are prominent. Main factors that affect China's national security perspective in the era of Hu Jintao include:the complex and changing international and domestic situations; great changes in China's own strengths. In this period, China announced its core interests for the first time. In the era of Jiang Zemin, main ideas and measures for China to safeguard national security include:adhere to and expand the reform and opening up; put forward the concept of "peaceful rise", then abandon it and propose to stick to the path of peaceful development; actively implement the disarmament and arms control, and participate in peacekeeping operations; provide foreign aid; promote the construction of a harmonious world. In addition, China also actively coped with the Taiwan issue.With the suggestion and practice of "peaceful development", "harmonious world" and so on, China's national security perspective has become increasingly mature and scientific, but there are also some problems. It mainly represents the general principles, but it can not offer guidance to all security problems of China in the practical application. It did not play an guiding role in taking measures to safeguard national security to a certain extent. Therefore, it is necessary to learn from other countries'security perspective and actively make improvements in the operational level.
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