The Value Researches Of Governmental Policies During Conversion Period In China

The conversion from planned economy system to market economy system is a process of"Trial and Error"and "Game". During this process, the governmental policies are importantdriving forces. Viewing from the comparative political science angle, the functions policieshave played in Chinese social changes are far greater than in other countries, but viewingfrom the relations between policies and laws, emphasizing the functions of governmentalpolicies isn't contradictory with the basic policies of governing by law. Therefore, to study theChinese practical problems from the angle of policies is very important. Viewing from thesubject dimensions, since 1990's the value orientation researches of policies have becomeimportant research orientation. The value researches of policies are to assure that there wouldnot be corresponding changes of expectations to things and valuing standards according tospecific situations, to reflect the inclinable objects and principles of policy systems, to assurethe objectives of the policies, to question the justification of the objectives, to answer theassurance and arrangement of policy objectives, and to judge the beneficiaries and sufferers.This article tries to solve the problem: how to share the costs and earnings of Chinese reform.This is a choice of important theoretical and practical significances. The author applies thenormative research as well as positive methods, and also the analysis of value, benefits andthe macro-micro analysis in detailed applications. The first,the article begins with the basic theoretical problem of reading the essentials ofgovernmental policies. Political science is a national engineering, so to study the behavior andmanner of the government should start from the analysis of State theories. By the theory ofthe Marxist State essentials, which means a country is alleviation and contradiction, wecontrol the contradiction within the range of order, derive the changing of governmentalfunction from ruling government to managing government and serving government, andderive the governmental policies from the specific realizing method of governmentalfunctions. Skimming through the jungle of various definitions for "Policy"by Chinese andforeign scholars, the author provides the basic connotation of governmental policies: in thespecific space-time, the government, which is the public authority body, chooses the actionprinciples, measurements and methods through specific process in order to maximize their 167representatives'benefits. From the played governmental functions such as collecting,distributing, governing and symbolizing, the author concludes with the speciality ofdistributing function, and then extend that the essentials of the governmental policies areclosely related with the distribution. And from politics itself and the boundary with economicsetc, the author further derives according to logic that the essentials of governmental policiesare distributing benefits, and then analysizes the reason and developing process of thegovernmental benefit distribution. So far a line running through the whole article is found,which is the benefit distribution. This determines that policies are concerned with the benefitsof related groups, and they can't stand neutrally in values. In contrast, they show the obviousvalue characteristics. The second, from the dimension of "should-be state", the value orientation ofgovernmental policies has various fixed positions. Using the Marxist analyzing method ofsocial classes, in hierarchical society, the value orientation of governmental policies is thefundamental benefits of ruling classes, which is different from group benefits and individualbenefits. It wouldn't deny the other classes'benefits. According to the developing idea, thesocial benefits usually become the prescription of ruling class for policy value orientation. Inour country, to symbolize the most people's...