Administration Supervision In Contemporary China

As for civil supervision, civil supervision right prescribed in constitution has not been totally specifically stipulated by law and there is lack of operation the implementation of this right Supervision is originated from activities of recording events and contracting in social production and distribution. In modern sense, supervision mainly refers to activities of checking, auditing, discussing and supervising, which people relatively independently undertake in order to achieve certain aim or purpose in political, economic, military and judicial area by relying on certain powers through methods of internal division and restriction or outside democratic participation and control etc of affairs in social public administration aiming at public authority resources, subject rights and obligation, operational efficiency and so on. Administrative supervision refers to subjects like governmental organs, political parties, social groups, citizens and so on carry through thorough inspection, examination, supervision and guidance for administrative acts of national administrative organs and its working stuff according to laws in this country. Administrative supervision mainly has precautionary, punitive and guaranteeing, rectifying and reacting functions and its execution should insist on democratic, law-ruled, timely, public and evasive principle.Modern western administrative supervision theories originate from rational thinking on restriction and supervision of powers in the Enlightenment. Montesquieu has said, "All people with powers are liable to abuse powers, it is a permanent experience." He considers that human beings are destined to have defects, therefore, every government formed by human beings should not be given total reliance and it should be supervised and controlled. This is the basic premise and evidence of modern democratic supervision concepts. In his On Monarchomach, French ideologist Monet proposed that king is the servant of people and people are the master of country, people establish king rather than the opposite. Locke considered popular sovereignty should be executed by the parliament according to British circumstances at that time. Rousseau, a French enlightenment scholar in eighteenth century considers that popular sovereignty can not be transferred, divided, represented and it is supreme and inviolable, therefore, representative government system, decentralization system and monarchy are all against popular sovereignty principle. Later on, these viewpoints became the theoretical foundation for bourgeois to oppose constitutional monarchy to establish democratic republic system and to advocate citizen's participation. In modern reform and restructure of western countries, decentralization balance theory, administrative sectional system theory etc appear. At present, as the study on contemporary western administrative supervision theories becomes increasingly deeper, many new theories and thoughts come into being, for example, public choice school, government control theory, check on power corruption theory, public power rent seeking theory and so on.Administrative supervision in our country is established and developed under the guidance of Marxist theories. Marx and Engels critically take in previous thoughts, propose and further expound idea of people's democratic supervision and elaborate the necessity of supervision, content and manner of supervision in operation of working class regime on the basis of the experience of power construction of the Paris Commune. The basic theory is that governmental civil servant is "people's servant" and the idea of democratic supervision. Besides, they propose some guiding theories for democratic supervision in the party, cooperation and supervision among parties, press supervision and so on. Lenin inherits and develops Marx and Engels's theory, proposes theory of control and supervision with mass participation and he systemizes it and forms operational mode. For example, establish "procuratorate of workers and peasants", me...