Time And Freedom

The absence of freedom.When closely examining the question"What is the source of all natural lives?", the ancient Greece natural philosophy forgot the growth opportunity of"the nature", which caused the nature become the non-opportunity free existence. When closely examining the question"What is the basis (essence) of things (existence)?", the ancient Greece metaphysics supposed one kind of ultimate and upmost basis---- free existence of the"eternal reality". In the belief of human's making mistakes because of ignorance, it attempts to overcome all objects through the knowledge of inevitability, thus it realizes one kind of freedom without otherness. This, however, has caused the absence of freedom. This is the inevitable destiny of the epistemology in ancient Greece metaphysics. Why does the traditional epistemology metaphysics of the Ancient Greece have the absence of freedom? It's fundamentally because the philosophy of epistemology forgets opportunity, regarding time as some kind of free existence. In this understanding, it makes the substantialization and generalization of time, and the time has become something really exists. In substantialized and generalized time, all are inevitable and there is no such thing as human freedom. When metaphysics tries to look for eternal freedom by excluding the substantialized and generalized time from the eternal reality (that is to look for real free world by means of giving up the phenomenal world) , what it finds is none other than the abstract and notional freedom. It means the phenomenal world and the real world are one thing, again the reality (freedom)and the source time are also combined into one. In other words, the existence of the non-temporal reality (freedom) works on the premise of the temporal existence. However as far as the temporal existence (source time)is concerned, the non-temporal existence(reality, freedom)has every reason for being.The awakening of source time consciousness. Augustin has brought a fundamental transformation to the comfortable time concept of the ancient Greece via time spiritualisation. Therefore he justifies the free existence of not only God but also human beings, because human beings are created by the God and also free before Him. Augustin enables the free will to draw people's attention and therefore has made up the freedom question which was once absent in the ancient Greece philosophy. This transformation in the field of beliefs similarly stimulates the later people to pay attention to free will in the philosophic world. Kant answers under the modern historical condition Augustin's conflict between time and the God. Kant's philosophy faces the responsibility of saving the human freedom when faced with the absolute time (scientific time). Because in the scientific time, everything is controlled by the rationality, and human beings do not have any kinds of freedom. Therefore human's survival loses all significance.The question of time has become Kant's guiding question in saving human beings.With the same view of Augustin, Kant believes that time exists no longer freely, but in the human's perceptual form. Kant holds the human's own duality by saying,"establishing law for nature by intellectuality"and"establishing law for oneself by rationality". That is time existence and free existence. As the time existence, the human belongs to the phenomenal world; and as the free existence, the human belongs to the reality. Kant, working on a premise of dividing the human into the time existence and the free existence, explains human's contradictory existence through the way of dividing one into two, but this finally does not bring any solution to the problem.Time return to the real life world. Bergson has made the new exploration to the question of time and freedom from a brand-new angle of view. Bergson's Theory of Duration has a revolutionary significance in the time concept, because it unifies time and life, then unifies, in human's life whole, time and freedom. Even Kant regards time as something felt inside, but not the form of human's overall life itself. But Bergson believes the true time is the life time, and understands time from life itself. The life is duration, creation and freedom. Thus duration becomes freedom. Therefore the survival, in Bergson's view , is a kind of creative activity, while, in Heidegger's, a kind of preparation for the future. But this preparedness of being-there roots from its terminability (to have death). And a man who can not die does not need to prepare or design oneself, because he has eternal existence and he will not then have the future or possibility. Human's timely existence has now become all possible premise of the being-there. In other words, death is the ultimate possibility of the being-there. Thus the being-there is the timeliness. In Kant's experiment , the time and the freedom are divided. In the view of Heidegger, the life is timeliness (finiteness) and the life also is beyond survival, life is free as long as existence and personality integrity are attended. So time and freedom is unified.Marx and metaphysical criticism. The key factor of traditional metaphysics is to hide the temporality of existence, which obtains a deeper embodiment in Hegel's speculative philosophy system. As a man with finiteness (timeliness) exists infinitely. In other words, he does not have own rationality and location or tools for self-realization. So Hegelianism still presents metaphysics. Hegel's time conception is the source time. Although the conservative nature of Hegelianism is concealing the revolutionary nature, his logic is not mechanical but the external inevitable logic. His entity is not the hidebound objective existence, but the practice process of the free reality. Because he understands the human from the disassimilation angle, the human, in his point of view, is merely the philosopher's abstract self-awareness. Thus human's activities are only human's thought and activities of consciousness. Therefore human's freedom is also merely the abstract logical freedom. Marx points out Hegel's theory is a mysticism.The time and the freedom in the actual society of Marx's critical vision. In his early time, Marx specially emphasizes the significance of time to freedom. He reaches an up-to-date theory altitude in his later mature works of Grundrisse and "Das Kapital". The capitalistic production is the kind of the production of displaying physical working time in space, is a kind of production of physical relations. The capital logic history usually evaluates all histories by this kind of comprehensive physical working time. But, this kind of history, it since is"the history", is temporary not eternal. Marx points out the premise of the capitalist production through positive analysis to the mode of capitalist production. That is, the sensible activity abstract, the source time abstract , thus life itself is abstract (reification). We find the omnipotence of the capital and therefore find the practical breakthrough point to human self-confrontation.This is the movement which takes communism as reality, which exists in the production activity of human beings.The humanity's overcoming the abstract production and eliminating the work is overcoming the confrontation of time and freedom, which, in other words, liberates life from the reification. The communism is merely a process, but not the eternal ideal beyond time. The communism, as the movement of reality, and the freedom ,as the reality of life, are not derived from the liberation necessity--- ideal value. On the contrary, human's freedom and liberation is given by realistic capital logic oneself, also being the topic given by realistic historical movement oneself. But it must be emphasized that it does not mean in some future period humanity will naturally enter the perfect condition of humanity (communism). This is because, on the one hand, this freedom and liberation only exists in one's imagination;on the other hand, this human's freedom and liberation regards the present real life as a method (tool) to realize the so-called perfect condition (goal) in the future time. This radically means that metaphysics is a kind of secret hope, even is another version of"the guile of reason"The essence of the abstract production is human's self-confrontation with his own life. Thus, Marx refers capitalism to the last confronting form of human. And the production itself has already given all the qualities to overcome this abstract production. Therefore, the communism which can overcome the abstract labor is not humanity's eternal ideal beyond history, but the reality movement which is produced voluntarily in the capitalist production.