History Of Modern Western Sport Science

Reviewing the history of modern Western sports science objectively, roundly and truly would all be of merely academic value for summarizing the theories achieved, understanding the nature and academic development characteristics, improve the discipline of theory of modern Western sports science, and it would be of important practical significance and far-reaching strategic significance for discipline construction, research management and policy development of science and technology, personnel training, innovation and development of science and technology of sports science. In this paper, based on scientific theory, adhered to the research principles of combination the history of science with the branches, combination logical with historical, combination qualitative with quantitative research, combination the internal history and external history, comprehensive study of multi-disciplinary theory and knowledge, and highlight the innovative methods, we studied the history of modern Western sports science by used methods of scientometrics and a variety of software of scientific analysis and knowledge maps drawing at international leading level. The results show that:(1)Ancient Greece is the cradle of sports scientific thought in the modern Western. The seeds of modern Western sports science are included in the well-known educator, philosophers, thinkers' understanding of the sports in ancient Greece, and had a profound impact for the development of modern Western sports science. However, The knowledge is empirical, speculative, local and superficial for the restrictions of cognitive ability and analytical tools, At this time the sport science had not become an independent social practice, this understanding of the phenomenon of early sports is fragmented and incomplete, also, the understanding is the by-product from understanding other social phenomena (such as education, health care and health military, etc.). Renaissance, the scientific revolution is the formation of the major disciplines, although few people use the theoretical study of sports these subjects, but these disciplines are the development of sports science for the formation of modern Western provides scientific support, directly or indirectly. Medical Physiology breakthrough of modern Western sports science later formed the first sports medicine, exercise physiology and laid a theoretical foundation; the progress of the scientific method, scientific society established as the institution of modern Western science provides a means to protect the Sports and Social Security. At the same time, the use of pedagogical point of view the results of observation of the phenomenon is more abundant sports. However, at this time of physical education and scientific research has not yet reached the level of the real. Known as the century of science in the 19th century, modern Western science major development of sports science in the context of the use of multiple branches of the mother of scientific disciplines began to explore the theory, the progressive realization of the knowledge structure of the system. The late 19th century, Western forms of modern sports science and research to determine the study methods, and basic social institutions to complete, which marks the West really established the modern sports science.(2) Medicine, pedagogy, psychology, physiology, biology, hygiene, sociology, epidemiology, biomechanics, are the major related disciplines of sports science. Among them, the medicine, physiology, psychology, pedagogy, biology and sociology are the core disciplines, they are the most traditional and stable sources of knowledge of sports science. the relationship between Sports Science and Related Subjects also perceive the characteristics and laws of development of sports science:Sports Science's academic support is dynamic and varied at different times; the result of Principal Component Analysis show that sports science is a comprehensive, cross-disciplinary discipline; sports science exhibit a feature with well differentiated and integrated at the same time; sports science is going through the process of mathematicization; reference to related subjects from sports science and social background of the historical changes in the show that closely track the sports scholars in different time periods of major practical problems, hot issues, the needs of society is an important driving force for the sports science to select knowledge; Sports Science has become increasingly dependent scientific method which increasing complexity and expanding its scope of application; Sports Science is working to establish an independent system of academic standards and theoretical research paradigm, also it constantly integrating the research results of related disciplines to expand the range of contacts with related disciplines, to achieve organic integration between disciplines. (3)Sports pedagogy, anthropometry, sports psychology, exercise physiology, motor skill learning, athletic training, sports biomechanics, epidemiology, sports medicine, sports sociology constitute the main elements of the modern Western sports science; the elements contained in sports science discipline structure is dynamic at different times, and it always in imbalance, the leading sports science subject are sports pedagogy and anthropometry before1950s, and exercise physiology, motor skill learning and sports training in 1950s to 1980s, and sports psychology, epidemiology and motor skill learning after 1990s. The birth of new disciplines and theoretical development is the direct power of structure's deepening and social needs provides the external power of academic structure's evolution.(4) The number of research literature that the change of keywords number shows that Sports science had undergone the initial stage before 1930s-the slow development period in 1930s-1950s-the steady development in 1970s-1980s- the period of rapid development after 1990s; the research focus of western modern sports science has experienced three major shift, which from education to athletic training to the physical activity and the health; Sports science research had also showed four trends:expansion of ra.nge, integration, microcosmic, mathematicization; social needs, scientific research methods, science and technology, important scientists are the four momentum of modern sports scientific research.(5)Meeting the needs of sports practice is the direct driving force for the origin and development of athletic training; athletic training's formation as a discipline began in the 1950s, the United States'research sponsorship made academic research achieve a leap in 1990s; occupational lead is the main feature before 1990s, and the balance of career and academic development is obvious gradually after 1990s; Athletic Training Education is an important engine of the subject's development; Studies on Women's training, strength and physical ability are the two areas scholars focused on.(6) Sport Pedagogy became a field of academic research in early 1980s, and achieved rapid development in the 1990s; the space is in the range from the school before 1960s to society, international in 1960s; research subjects is in the range from the school curriculum, teaching, teacher education before 1960s to social development of students, teachers' professional socialization, socio-economic level's impact on schools Physical education, comparison of physical education to the school curriculum and other health and entertainment services, the means of exercise in society, and how the means affect the design of the curriculum and teaching in these various environments; Physical Education Methods has undergone the evolution from little attention to research methods to dominant positivist paradigm to the leading qualitative research paradigm to the integration of the two paradigms.(7) Exercise physiology made a series of classic studies before the end of World Warâ…¡and lay a solid foundation for the development of modern sports physiology; exercise physiology originated in Europe, and with the transfer of science centers, the United States' exercise physiology began to boom In the late 1920s; exercise physiology formed as a separate subject areas in the 1950s and 1970s, and it began to be recognized by mother subjects and it got rapid development in 1990s; research range of exercise physiology is growing and its research areas focused is from the muscle activity's physiological effects before 1940s to environmental and exercise in 1960s, to aerobic exercise capacity in human measurement and evaluation in 1970s-1980s, to the aerobic Measurement of capacity and anaerobic capacity, over-training and exercise fatigue and the associated immune rehydration and sports issues, environmental and athletic ability, football and basketball players for training and competition in the physiological function of assessment and monitoring after 1990s; research methods of exercise physiology increasingly focused on the design of scientific experiments, mathematical complexity of statistical methods, methods of integration, the modernization of technical means; the deepening of exercise physiology research to the pursuit of the micro areas before 1990s, since then, it more emphasis on integration, integration exercise physiology is its current direction of development. Exercise physiology and sports practice with increasingly close race for sports training and fitness needs of the public service is an important driving force of development.(8) Sport Sociology originated in the late 19th and early 20th century. In the 1960s, the sociology became an independent discipline; social issues emerging in Sports provide power to develop forward; Research methods has gone through a stages of description to logical analysis to stage of quality methods and methods integrated; Sociology has experienced in the use of sociological theory from relatively simple, the status of the structure and function of living in the mainstream of development theory is not compatible to each other, and a wide range of sociological theory; Currently, sports sociology has been in the past focused on the conflict, the sense of crisis is gradually split into a focus on comprehensive, integrated and stable sense of showing the trend of integration theory.