Study On Human Resource Development In Rural Mountainous Area

Since the reform and opening policy in 1970s, the economy in the mountainous areas of China has achieved certain degree of development, but the poverty and backward situation have not been changed a lot with the double constraints from natural conditions and institutional factors. In general, mountainous areas are rich in resources with high worth, especially the forest resources are very important to clean up the air, absorb greenhouse gases, conserve water and soil, prevent wind and fix sand, and store biological genes. Rural human resources in the mountainous areas are participants in economic activities, and main parts of behaviors to use and protect mountain resources. Therefore, under the good background of national economic strength, the government should make policies focusing more on about the mountainous areas, and explore the development of rural human resources in the mountainous areas.Currently a lot of studies focus on rural human resources development, but the studies that concentrate on rural human resources development in the mountainous areas are rare, especially those concerned on human resources development about rural construction in mountainous areas are almost blank. Guided by the related disciplines of management, economics, sociology, geography and the anti-poverty theory, selects Huitong county mountainous areas as a study case, and follows an analytical method from individual to general.this paper further explores the whole human resources development in mountainous area, which to some extent greatly enriched the contents in this research area. The main sources of data are collected by conducting on-the-spot structured interviews in Huitong mountainous areas, Huitong second agricultural census data and household data of the national bureau of statistics. Through cross-validation analysis of these three kinds of data, this paper discusses separately on the background, environment, subject, object, supply, demand and development means of rural human resources development in the mountainous areas, and puts forward specific measures. The purposes of this dissertation are to explore the effective way to develop rural human resources in the mountainous areas, reasonably use agricultural supporting funds, meet the need of mountainous areas construction and development for human resources, promote the further transfer of rural labors and eliminate povertyBased on the distribution, supply and demand analysis of rural human resources in mountainous areas, this paper makes the following conclusions: the proportion of rural left labor in gender is basic balanced in mountainous areas, but among the young people, boys account for larger proportion. Ages are distributed as"hump", that is to say, teenagers and old people making account for higher proportion, but the proportion of the young people are small. The whole level of education is low. Employment rate in the first industry is big, while in the second and third industry the rate is small; the proportion of minority is high. Currently the supply and demand of rural labors are basic balanced, seasonal shortages and surplus are coexisting. Due to the comprehensive reason of arable land quality, agricultural cost and workforce shortages, it is unavoidable for a small amount of arable lands going out of cultivation. If we continue to implement the traditional agriculture in the future, because young people are not willing to join farming, with the middle-aged labor force dropping out, the traditional agriculture would have no successor. If we want to make the mountainous areas exert multiple functions, we still face the shortage of high-quality personnel. Using the machine instead of labor can make up the shortage of labor in future and transfer surplus labor into city.Through analyzing the subject,object and means of human resource development, we concluded that: self development of human resource is the most effective part to develop rural human resource in the mountain; the bottom line of leave land uncultivated in rural area is whether the families with surplus labor force are willing to farm those low quality lands; the efficiency of rural vocational training is not high; learning by doing is main means to improve the skills of left farmers; rural residences are scattered and students are less; education investment in mountainous countryside is low efficiency, as health care investment; the middle-age and old farmers with low education are the main labor force of farming, while labor force with high education have more jobs at same time; the value of old labors are still existing, but not be developed deep enough, shortage of rural high-quality talents and low degree of organization are the "bottleneck" for rural development.According to the existing problems and the conclusions, we put forward basic ideas on how to stimulate the rural human resources by making regional policies, industrialization, learning by doing, emigration development, organization systematism, and introduce external high-quality talents. Moreover, we give suggestions as followings: implement different policies on hills, mountains and plains; develop rural human resource according to the demand and supply and exert multifunction of mountainous areas; industrialize by'learning by doing'and find specific countermeasures to develop rural human resources in mountainous areas, implement measures of emigration or emigration after a generation; mobilize farmers to produce foods, reduce uncultivated land, and develop different kinds of personnel.The innovations of this research are: (1) Through studying the relationship between the arable land out of cultivation and rural labors, this paper designs a calculated formula about uncultivated degree; establishes a relationship model of rural labor supply and price and uses it to explain the contradiction between the rural labors are a little surplus but hard to employ; erects a percent model about uncultivated rate. (2) Through analyzing the development means of rural human resource, find that'learning by doing'is an effective way to develop rural human resource in mountainous areas, establishes the human resource accumulative model of'learning by doing'and model of industrial division and skill learning. (3) This paper took human resourcces development in rural mountain areas as the research subjects for the first time, focusing on satisfing the needs of mountainous countryside construction. On the basis of this, this paper proposed many theoretical basises and countermeasures to exploit human resources in the mountain areas.Such as followings: According to the law of diminishing marginal utility, proposed the theory of urban and rural personnel exchanges; According to that mountainous areas are of external economy and high production costs, put forward that the government should enhance the support on developing rural human resources;According to the relationship among supply, demand and price on the labor market, built a labor transfer model between urban and rural areas, and put forward concepts of the rural flexible and necessary labor force on this basis, and provided a theoretical basis for the government to implement a scientific policy of agricultural subsidies.