Chinese Service Economy: The Structure Evolution And The Theory Innovation

This article conducts the research on the service economic structure optimization and the theory innovation. According to the research, it will look for the service economy evolutional process of the chief developed countries and the developing countries in the world. Then through the Chinese service economy and the overseas service economy comparative analysis, it explores the evolutional way and the tendency of the Chinese service economic structure, and discovers the questions and reasons which are existed in the Chinese service economy optimization process, and proposes the promotion measure to optimize the Chinese service economic structure.OneThe basic category limits are the economic problem research prerequisite. On the basis that categories such as service, service trade, service economy and service economic structure etc., are defined, this text has proposed a new category which are the nominal structure and the actual structure of service economy. In the discrimination foundation of the nominal structure and the actual structure, this article thinks that at present the development level of the Chinese service economy is as a whole adaptable to the current development level of Chinese economy and the income level rather than what the current academic circles and the mainstream viewpoint in the economical practice domain explained that the current condition is"falling behind"and the speed is"slow". The viewpoint which believes that after the reform and open policy the Chinese service economy development backward and slow is untenable. It is the result compared with the data that does not have the commeasurable. The author believes that, when we judge the standard of the development level of a country service economy is in advance or in backwardness, we should look whether it is adaptable to the overall level of the country economy development, the industry and agriculture economy development level as well as the per capita national income level; rather than the size of disparity compared with the other countries. The disparity of the Chinese service economy and the overseas shows that there are great space and potentiality for the development of Chinese service in the future. At present, the main characteristics and the performance of the Chinese service economy are developed uneven in the service economical interior various professions, the development of service industry and the social demands are uncoordinated, the region stationing is unreasonable, the profession monopoly is coexisting with excessive competition, create the service product surplus and short coexisting.Therefore, the Chinese service economy development question is not general sense backward and slow, is not the quantity vigorously expansion question, but is to solve the structure distortion and the unbalanced question. The key point is the structural optimization, the adjustment and the promotion, is the question of enhancing the quantity. To neglect the development service economy must rely on the basic rule of the society physical production development. Blind the serious result which are possibly brought by the development of service economy had surmounted the capacity of the society physical production and performed in reality, it must appear the situation of encouraging and promoting the development of the service industry in blind and general way and cause the development of service industry to surpass the essential limit inevitably, cause the national economy various industries coordinated development relations to receive the destruction, finally does not favor the entire national economy development healthfully, stably and orderly.TwoAnytime, the economical development all needs certain theory to eagerly anticipate. But along with the time development and the condition change, the economic theory also needs to innovate. Marx service economic structure theory includes the division of labor and the cooperation evolution theory, two big categories and the coordinated development theory, the average profit and the industrial competition theory and the industrial structure promotion theory. These theories have the important instruction function and practical significance to optimize and promote the Chinese service economic structure, but have the historical limitation and the time limitation inevitably at the same time .The industrial structure evolution theory in the Western economics, like the Petty-Clark industry output value and the employment structure evolution theory, the Kuznets per capita national income influence theory, the Rostow leading industry diffusion effect theory and the economy growth stage theory, the Chenery industrialization stage theory, the Hoffman industrialization experience principle as well as the Japanese Akamatsu Wild-Geese-Flying Pattern theory and so on, had carried on a more thorough exploration to the service economic structure evolution rule under the market economy condition ,had its reasonable ingredient, but had the social class limitation and the national condition limitation. The practice of the contemporary China reform and open policy and development needs us urgently to innovate instantaneously the Marxism industrial structure theory, to explore a theory which is suitable to the Chinese national condition and can instruct China industrial structure adjustment and optimization. Such theory only can be followed Marx's model and method and absorb the reasonable ingredient theory of the Western economic industry theory. Therefore, the theory construction which the Chinese service economic structure optimization promotes, must take the Marxism science development view as the instruction, and bases on the Marx value of laborer power theory, takes the Marx industry coordinated development theory as the master line, absorbs and profits reasonably and critically from the industrial structure theory in the Western economics, and forms the industrial structure theory with Chinese Characteristic, which the service economics structure evolution promotes .Three To study the factors of service economic structure evolution influenced thoroughly, and then we can overcome the way dependence influenced by the disadvantage factors diligently and encourage the optimization and promotion of the service economic structure. Firstly, to make an analysis to the economic elements influenced by the service economic structure, this article thinks that technology advancement is the basic power of the service economic structure evolution, and it is deciding the evolution of service economic structure from two aspects which are supplies and demands. Income level is the direct source of the service economic structure evolution. Specialized division of labor is the premise of the service economic structure evolution. Gradual evolution and advancement of the industrial structure is the result which the division of labor and the specialization subdivides and deepens unceasingly. Urbanized level is the external pulling force of the service economic structure evolution. Human resources are the important elements of the service economic structure and the changes. However, international trade is the international motive force to the service industry structure evolution. Secondly, to make an analysis to the system factors, this article proposes that the reason of the system is the key aspect which affects the service economical industrial structure to accomplish the advanced direction evolution. The physical geographical factor, the historical factor as well as the factor proportions and so on are all restricted by the system factor. The idea factor, the structure factor, the policy factor and the legal system factor of the system factor all have the significant influence to the service economical industrial structure evolution. Finally, regardless of the economic factor, the system factor or the other factors, they influence the service economic structure through the service economic structure evolution, namely the inducement mechanism and the compulsory mechanism. In order to display the superiority and the joint forces of the two mechanisms, and cause the Chinese service economic structure more optimization and more reasonable, we must enhance the marketability degree of the China national economy and prefect the market system and market rules etc., moreover strengthen the government macroeconomic regulation and control ability, and realize the convex combination of the inducement mechanism and the compulsory mechanism diligently, thus realize the length supplementary.FourThe main developed country is the world economic leader, and the main developing nation is the important pusher of the world economic development. To conduct the research to their service economic structure evolution and summarize its structure evolution experience and lesson, will have the important instruction and the model significance without doubt to the readjustment and optimization of the Chinese service economic structure. According to make an analysis to the proportion of output and employment evolution tendency in the service economy of the United States, Britain, Japan and other developed countries, as well as South Korea , Thailand, Brazil and other developing countries, we found that with the growth of per capita GDP, the service economic output and the proportion of employment improve constantly. Service economic output proportion accounted for more than 50% of the national per capita GDP level is approximately in 2000-13000US dollars, and service economic employment proportion surpassed 50% of the national per capita GDP level is roughly in 4000-10000US dollars. The proportion of output and employment of most countries has sustained over30years between 40%-50%. When the average GDP of per person is low, the proportion of the output is higher than the proportion of the employment in service economy. When the average GDP of per person is high, the speed of service economic labor growth is fast. Therefore, the proportion of service economy employment is enhanced relatively, and the proportions of the output and the employment of the traditional service industry, such as the circulation service and the transportation communication service etc., and existing descending tendency and with an ascending tendency in the proportion of modern service including financial insurance and social service and so on.From these discoveries, we can conclude a revelation. We must focus on the enhancement of the average per person GDP, to improve the proportion of the service economy diligently. To break the proportion of the service economy over 50% is not easy to achieve in several years. It needs longer time to endeavor. We can't eager to enhance the proportion of the service economy artificially. The enhancement of the service economy proportion should focus on the whole development of the entire national economy and the development of the industry and agriculture, but not the development of the service industry blindly.FiveThrough the comparison research between the evolution tendency of the service economic structure of the main developed country and the developing nation, we can find the way and the countermeasure to optimize the Chinese service economic structure. First, the contrast analysis of the output, employment and comparison labor productivity in the service economy as well as various professions deliver indicate that , after the reform and open policy the Chinese service economy has developed rapidly, the speed is not only higher than the main developed country and the developing nation when their economy is on the same level, but also higher than the world average level, the disparity among the Chinese service economy and the main developed country and the developing nation is reducing gradually. Next, we must have a correct understanding about the disparity between Chinese service economy and other countries, we must clear and definite that this kind of disparity certainly is not the bottleneck of the development of the Chinese service economy. The prominent question in the Chinese service economy development lies in the distortion and unbalance in the internal structure, for example, partially lives service industry developed in advance coexists with the production service industry developed backwardness; the partial traditional service industry developed in advance coexists with the modern service industry developed falling behind; partial labor-intensive forms service industry developed in advance but fund ,knowledge technology service industry development lagging is coexisting and so on.Through the discussion about the reason of the disparity, the structure distortion and the unbalance, this article believes that the basic reason is the backwardness of the agriculture labor productivity, the important reason is the historical factor, but the essential reason is the restriction of system factor, the most direct reason certainly is the economic agent. In view of the above question, this article advocates that we should emphasize the structure optimization and the adjustment of the service economy in the countermeasure aspects, promote the service economic development by adjusting and optimizing the structure, but not emphasize to speed up the development of service economy blindly, one-sidedly, and generally. The concrete measure mainly should strengthen the theory innovation and the system innovation, specially the innovation and the development of the economic structure theory, pay great attention to the innovation of the unofficial system, overcome the way dependence of the obsolete idea, simultaneously enlarge the innovation of the official system to provide the theory environment and the system safeguard for the service economy optimization.