| After the world war one of main reasons for Japanese automobile industry developing quickly is that the Japanese government successively pushes a series of automobile industry policy after War. Research on development process of automobile industry and the automobile industry policies implemented by the Japanese government play an active role in drawing out national automobile industry development strategy and implementing effective automobile industry policies.The Japanese automobile industry after War nearly became ruins. At the beginning of the 50s, with the renaissance of Japanese economy, there was a drastic dispute on whether it is necessary to develop automobile industry. The independent"static international division of work theory"based on developing domestic resources and basing itself upon national economy deems that it is unnecessary to develop national automobile industry; it could satisfy domestic market demands with importing foreign automobiles. Whereas the other opinion of"dynamic international division of work theory"is that Japan should actively participate in international competitiveness and improve products competitiveness by introducing technology, and build up processing trade export-focused industry and it protests to actively rely on introducing technology to develop national automobile industry. The Japanese government chose the latter and pushed forward active industry policies to promote economy boost and create the miracle in the history of automobile industry. Japanese economists deem that industry policy is the policy to interfere in resources assignment among industries (departments) of one country or the industry organizations inside industries (departments) to reach the civil target (economic, non-economic) of one country. The kernel of capitalist economy theory is market economy. But Japanese economists deem that there exists"market failure"of market economy adjusting methods to some extent. So the government could adjust more rational distributions of resources among every department of every industry through implementing industry policies to promote the increase of economic profits and development-in-advance of key industries.Postwar Japanese automobile industry policy implementation is divided into four periods according to history. The first period is the recovery period of postwar Japanese economy after the 50s. Automobile industry policy is the policy aiming at protecting, propping up automobile industry development. The adopted method is direct governmental administrative guide and tilting policy of priority placement of resources plan. Industry policy is characteristic of obvious"Marxism planned economy theory". The second period is the highly-developed period of economy in the 60s and 70s. The third period is the period of globalization development of world economy, internationalized division cooperation of automobile industry resource placement in global market after the 80s. Industry policy adjusts industrial structure mainly depending on economic method, forming industrial structure of high-intellectual processing and assembly style with automobile industry as the kernel, further strengthening the competitive advantages of Japanese automobile industry in the international market, thus promoting the big development of Japanese automobile industry in the worldwide market. The fourth period is mainly concerning the automobile industry environmental policy drawn out under the influence of environmental problems after 90s. It is carried out by law measures. There are its own features in the implementation process of Japanese automobile industry policy after War.I. The automobile industry policy mainly concerning protection and support goes through the period. The main aim to implement industry policy was to protect and prop up Japanese national automobile industry policy. The foundation of automobile industry was destroyed seriously in the recovery period after War. The weaker Japanese automobile industry was once ponderously battered by the American-European enterprises. When there was great disparity between Japanese-American automobile enterprises, Japan once had the idea to give up developing democratic automobile industry. There was fluctuation whether to develop automobile industry no matter from the psychological demands of common people or national economic power. But the Japanese government, especially the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) still stuck to walking out the road of protecting and propping up homeland automobile industry, depending on combination of introduction and independent innovation, finally realizing domestic-made when deciding the road of Japanese industry development. The government promptly propped up and developed some important automobile industries such as Toyota, Japanese-made, Mazda and a large batch of relevant parts and supporting enterprises and also set up Japanese automobile industry base through establishing the development direction of industry policy and providing favorable capitals and tax system policies for the key automobile and parts enterprises supported designedly. The powerful implementation of protection and support measures such as high tariff and strict limits to import and foreign trade friction coordination by the government played an implacable role for Japanese automobile industry surpassing Euro American's.II. Adjusting automobile industry structure, and establishing intensive large-scaled manufacturing system of automobile industry. With the implementation of the processing export trade of national policy for gaining nationhood determined by the Japanese government, after 60s, Japanese heavy industry policy began to be pushed forward. The automobile industry as the pillar of Japanese heavy industry was propped up and developed further.In order to elevate international competitiveness and build up export processing industry structure, the emphasis of the automobile industry policy is to set up intensive large-scaled manufacturing system. In the 60s, Japanese government put forward establishing development strategy of three automobile enterprise groups, that is to establish automobile industry groups with monthly production more than 10,000 sets, automobile industry groups with monthly production 5,000 sets, and mini-car automobile enterprise groups with monthly production 3,000 sets. At that time, Japanese automobile industry is not large for large-scaled ones, and not small for small-scaled ones, and there were numerous medium-scaled enterprises occupying more than 80% of automobile industry. And also the production efficiency was low, the technical level was laggard, administration ability and development ability was slow, the business fruits were bad. The capacity of current large enterprises compared with Euro-American ones was small-scaled. For example, annual capacity of Toyota, Nissan was not up to 5% of American GM. So the Japanese government put forward the plan to firstly concentrate on developing several large-scaled automobile enterprises. Toyota and Nissan were the firstly supported targets. Through reasonable conformity, the Japanese automobile industry finally formed three large-scaled automobile manufacturing enterprises such as Toyota, Nissan, and Honda, and also three medium-scaled automobile enterprises such as Mitsubishi motors, Mazda motors, Isuzu motors, and four small-scald mini-car and truck enterprises such as Fuji heavy industries, Suzuki motors, Daihatsu industry and Hino motors. Meanwhile, the Japanese government adopted concentrated development and important support policy for the automobile parts and established the close supporting system formed and established concentrating on principal enterprises of automobile.III. Technology research and development policy were the impetus to promote the automobile industry develop forwards. After the 80s, although Japanese economy was in a slow-speed increasing phase, the automobile industry formed a basically stable domestic market in Japan and an increasingly enlarged overseas market with globalization market development, increasingly enlarged production scale in overseas sites. The emphases of automobile industry policy of Japanese government turned to support and encourage technology research and development and harmonize automobile industrial structure to turn to high-intellectual intensive structure.The Japanese government forecast the development trend of future industry through drawing out prospecting plan of long-term economic development, and guided enterprises to invest on future technology research and development fields through administrative guide. The government established applied technology system of automobile facing the 21st century and research projects on new dynamic automobiles in the future, guided the enterprises to improve research and development technology of automobiles to make sure the Japanese automobile industry taking certain leading position in the international competitiveness. In the early days of the 90s, with the increasingly aggravated competitiveness of automobile industry in the international market, the Japanese automobile industry was confronted with powerful challenge from Euro-American automobile industry in the scope of dealing and market development. The emphases of industry policy of Japanese government were to promote Japanese automobile industry to turn to high-intellectual intensive processing industrial structure. The main policies of industry structure transformation were the promoting policy of technological innovation and development. Through the policy support to technology research and development and technological progress, the government promoted the exquisite management technique of large-scaled production of automobiles of Japanese automobile industries, and there were great progresses in automobile exhaust and other self-independent research and development technology of automobiles.IV. Research and development policy on environment promoted the continuous development ability of the automobile industry and further maintained international competitiveness. After entering into the 21st century, changes in the global environment attracted concerns of all countries in the world. The Japanese automobile industry drew out all kinds of policies for environmental protection to guide and promote the development of environmental protection of automobile industry.The corresponding policy adopted by the Japanese government was mainly through drawing out long-term development plan, and guiding devotion to the future environmental changes influence and development technology of future automobile industry to strengthen the international competitiveness of the enterprises. The government devoted to the top-end technology research as plan on a large scale, and promoted the validity, practicability and pertinence of high-tech research. The industry policy guaranteed practical application transformation of scientific and technological fruits, and promoted the improvement of competitiveness of automobile enterprises.The Kyoto international environment conference in 1997 decided: in order to resolve the problem of global warming to control the exhaust thickness of carbon dioxide in the earth atmosphere and exhaust quantity. So the automobile exhaust treatment became one important aspect to resolve problems of environmental exhaust contamination. The Japanese government paid heed to automobile exhaust problems. In 1994, it revised the automobile exhaust standards drew out in the 80s, and established more strict automobile exhaust standards. Meanwhile, the government encouraged and supported the automobile enterprises to research and develops environmentally friendly automobiles, and established all kinds of policies for prevailingly-used automobiles of low social effects of pollution.Although the development process of Japanese automobile industry is fairly different from the development history period of automobile industry in China, there is common traits and guiding meaning to specific stage of automobile industry development. Stone from other hills could be taken as the jade. The development of modern world automobile industry changes continuously with times process. The market competition of worldwide automobile industry is more and more drastic. Analyzing the actual situation of worldwide automobile industry, chief automobile enterprises in Japan, Europe and American will continuously take lead of the developing trend of worldwide automobile industry. The basic condition for automobile enterprises to base themselves upon the international automobile market: the first is to own consecutive technology research and development ability on automobiles; the second one is to possess globalization strategy layout and market occupancy; the third one is to continuously improve enterprise management levels and maintain good profit ability of enterprise management. Strictly speaking, the automobile industry in China commenced from the 50s. But the all-known reasons in the 60s and 70s broke away from the market environment of worldwide automobile industry. The actual development of automobile industry in China is after reform and opening in the 80s, especially in the mid of 90s, the active market demands promote the fast development of automobile enterprises in China. But with the increasingly drastic competition of worldwide automobile market occupancy in the future, the survival of automobile industry in China in the cracks of Great Powers must depend on the support of pushing forward the industry policy by the country. So how to use the experience of Japan for reference is meaningful to protect and prop up the development of the automobile industry in China, implement effectively the policy of automobile industry in China. I. Protecting and propping up Chinese national automobile industry development is the main aim of the industry policy.The automobile industry policy in Japan is closely related with the economic environment and background of epoch development in the history process. Protection and support development runs through the whole process of the development of the automobile industry. The target of industry policy is very definite, completely aiming at the field needing governmental protection and support of Japanese automobile enterprises under developing. So the policy of the automobile industry in China will take protecting and supporting and assisting in the development of automobile enterprises in China as main target. Market economy could promote reasonable development of the industry and effective flow of resources. But the current industry development in China is facing an important history stage. The chief traits as follows: firstly, economy in China develops fast, the market scale expands drastically. Secondly, the international manufacturing industry shifts towards China. The trait of changes in worldwide automobile industry causes entire car assembly manufacturing enterprises and parts producing enterprises to separate; after rearrangement rand annex of large-scaled automobile enterprises, the structure of oligarchs monopoly reinforces; technological innovation of automobile, platform strategy, global purchase and modularized goods supply will be a new style of the development of the automobile industry in the 21st century; automobile market in China will be the chief battlefield struggled between foreign automobile oligarchs. So, under current environment, how to protect and prop up automobile industry in China is meaningful to push forward industry policy. Firstly, it is necessary to confirm chief target of automobile industry to be propped up in china. Adopting tilting policy mainly supports two or three chief dominant automobile enterprises. To combine automobile enterprises in china through market system and the annex of dominant enterprises gradually. Secondly, to regulate obvious production time limit of domestic-made for the joint venture and solely foreign owned enterprises established in China by foreign capital enterprises to promote the digestion and absorption to technology of domestic automobile enterprises. Thirdly, promoting the development of automobile parts industry, making certain targets mainly supported and aided by key automobile enterprises, establishing specialized capital of automobile parts development. In all, to aggregate financial resources, material resources, to develop main backbone enterprises of automobile to realize satisfying the demands to domestic automobile market to reject the invasion of foreign automobiles to china.II. Optimizing China automobile industry structure, promoting China automobile industry and relevant industry develop in coordinationThe development of the automobile industry as national pillar industry also needs to adjust automobile industry structure according the requirements of consecutive market changes in time. The adjustment of the automobile industry structure is very concrete and definite pursuant to times development. It was the aim to establish intensive scale manufacturing structure system in the 50s and 60s, establishing large-scaled manufacturing system in the Japanese automobile industry structure. And in the 70s and 80s, the automobile industry structure was further optimized, realizing high-knowledge processing assembly export-type automobile industry structure. After 90s, Japan pushed technology research and developed policy, and established automobile industry structure with international competitiveness for facing globalization market economy.China in 80s has put forward the developing strategy"three big and three small"of automobile industry, but in twenty years of the reform and open, there were unsettled problems in China automobile industry structure such as: repeated investment,"dispersed, messy, bad". The good development of automobile industry chain drove by advantageous leading automobile industry has not been formed. So the country should consolidate pushing automobile industry policy, and provide support and favorable policy for China developing automobile industry system with key automobile industry as the kernel to promote its international competitiveness to be formed as soon as possible, and realize reasonable automobile industry structure of entire car manufacturing and parts and relevant industry developing in coordination.III. Taking introducing technology and transferring domestic-made as the aim, realizing to create self-owned automobile brandThe key to the development of Japanese automobile industry is the introduction and absorption to automobile technology. Within a shorter time after War, under the support of the government, Japanese automobile industry introduced Euro-American advances technology as plan, put forward the thought to develop national automobile at the same time, promoted Japanese automobile enterprises to develop their own national automobile industry, integrated technology-introducing with self-development. The aim to introduce is for self-development. After reform and opening, automobile industry in China broke away from worldwide automobile market for a long time; there was great distance on the development of automobile technology. So technology-introducing, joint venture, cooperation is the unique road to the development of automobile industry. But by virtue of the lower self-development ability of automobile industry in china, national relevant industry policies can not promote and limit technology diffusion of joint venture. Chinese automobile enterprises of joint venture depends on the cost of sacrificing Chinese market to probably increase market occupancy and obtain profit in a short time. But there is no effect on technology absorption. The kernel technology of foreign automobile enterprises is impossible transferred to the enterprises of China, but it should realize self-independence basic technology of automobile production and design and development. At present, the kernel patent technology in foreign automobile enterprises could acquire the access by paying patent charges. It is worthy to be noticed that realizing domestic production of parts is not equal to realize domestic-made. Self-research and development needs self-innovation on technology. Firstly, the parts enterprises must have the ability to develop technology. Secondly, establishing self-owned brand does not restrict all products to being produced by them. The first is to establish automobiles of their brands; key parts should be produced by themselves, and matching parts products could be supplied by taking good advantage of globalization division production system. So the direction of industry policy is to encourage parts enterprises to accelerate to development through competition at first, absorb privately-owned capital and foreign capital to compete, form large scaled throughput. Secondly, it is necessary to be harmonious as soon as possible with the automobile manufacturing division system of global automobiles. Depending on cost advantages to master key technique as soon as possible, strengthening technology research and development ability, improving quality of products. So, sticking to developing self-owned automobile brand of automobile industry in China should be taken as steadfast national policy, and the government should draw out long-term research and development plans on technology research and development.
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