Study On The Productivity Of Chemical Fertilizer Manufacturing Industry In China

China is a populous country with relatively low back-up cultivated resources; Fertilizers greatly contribute to world's 22%population fed by 7%arable land of the world. Fertilizers are one of the most important investment factors for agricultural production,as well as the improvement of agricultural qualities and quantities.The annual aggregate of production increases from 39,000 tons prior to the founding of China to 48975,000 tons in 2005.The number of fertilizers application was 13,000 tons during the initial stage of country liberty period.China's reform and opening up to the outside and rapid development in the field of fertilizers greatly facilitate the demand for fertilizers.The fertilizers consumption grows at the speed of 16.5%annually reach over 50million tons in 2005, approximately account for 30%of the total amount in the world.The fertilizers export amount rises up from 5,440,000 tons in the yeas of 1980 to 13,970,000 tons in 2005,in the year of 1995,the imported fertilizers reached the peak at 19,910,000 tons.With population grows,urbanization processing accelerates,upgrading the level of life for the people,and food structure changes,arable lands will be bound to result in diminish,the contradiction between human beings and lands is sharpening.Fertilizers are still the indispensable important productive materials,which will further spur requirements for fertilizers.However,fertilizer industry is facing more and more resources restrictions;we can swap oversupply or shortage of fertilizers through international trade.But as a large country, we cannot rely on world market excessively,for the product of fertilizer is a specific commodity,impacting on political stability and related to national well-being and people's livelihood.Furthermore,the domestic fertilizer production has a big disparity from some fertilizer developed countries in raw materials prices,cost,scales,technological equipment level,management level,and marketing service level.Therefore,reasonable allocation of resources,cost reduction,and input-output efficiency promotion in fertilizers manufacturing industry have a rather important significance on domestic fertilizers markets effective supply,and take positive and profound influence on fertilizers' supply and demand balance.Meanwhile,the sustainable growth of fertilizer manufacturing industry is a major theme we are facing.How about the productivity of regional fertilizer manufacturing industry? Does the chang of productivity tend to be the convergence or the divergence? What is the factor that takes influences on productivity? The current presence of documentary is lacking in-depth research,especially demonstration's examples.Looking back theories on productivity,calculating measures for productivity and the development of Chinese fertilizer manufacturing,of which are the basis of this thesis. taking Chinese fertilizer manufacturing industry as a research object,from three traditional zones,various regions and different economic patterns,this paper studies Chinese fertilizer manufacturing industry's technological efficiency,pure technological efficiency,scale efficiency from 1998-2005,later in the paper analysis the influences of equipment level, capital-labor density,ownership,enterprise scale,geographical position,managerial level and timing on Chinese fertilizer manufacturing industries' technology.On the top of that, on the basis of convergence theories,adopt standard,variation coefficient and Barro regression equations to further explore the Chinese fertilizer manufacturing industries'fluctuations in different regions,in the light of fluctuations of Chinese fertilizer manufacturing industries in different regions and general from 1998-2005,discover the resources of continuous increases of Chinese fertilizer manufacturing industry,productive efficiency improvement or technological advancement,and analysis the main influential factors for total factors productivity increases and composition.Last but not the least,according to productive cost and supply theory,this paper discusses the influences of productive efficiency on the supply and demand of fertilizer,and proposes the conclusion and policy suggestions.On the basis of provincial panel statistics from 1998 to 2005,adopting non-parameter and other measuring ways for economy,through the necessary theory analysis and the empirical test,some main conclusion about this paper are listed as follows:(1) Calculating Chinese fertilizer manufacturing industries' technological efficiency through non- parameter way from different regions,different economic patterns and in general.The result reflects the per capita technological efficiency level in Chinese fertilizer manufacture fluctuates,while it tend to increase in general.It grows from 0.8525 to 0.8882 from the year of 1998 to 2005,the annual per capita technological efficiency is 0.8626, 0.77%lower than the technological efficiency under the context of fixed scale pay.Then we can find that annual technological efficiency is 0.8768,0.8599 and 0.8519 respectively in three traditional regions,higher than the middle and west parts of China.Compare it vertically or horizontally,the overall technological efficiency of state-owned enterprises is relatively low,even lower than this year's average level.The efficiency level ranks are from low to top level,collective corporations,shareholders corporations,private sectors,other corporations and overseas,Hongkong,Macro&Taiwan corporations,among of them, technological efficiency average level of the typ ecorporation of the overseas Hongkong, Macro&Talwan corporations is top to 0.3062,being 1.75 times of that of state-owned enterprises.(2) This paper has studied the main influences of different technological and equipment level,capital-labor density,ownership,enterprise scale,geographical locations, managerial and timing on the technological efficiency of Chinese fertilizer manufacturing industry.On the basis of theory analysis,experiment inspects the influential directions and depth on technological efficiency.Capital-labor density,enterprises scale,gathering level have taken a remarkable adverse effect on Chinese fertilizer manufacturing industry technological efficiency,while time,enterprise sale cost and geographical position have taken positive roles.Other factors don't have remarkable influences in statistics.(3) On the basis of convergence,this paper demonstrates the situations of internal technological efficiency within the state and in the three regions inspected with standard deviation,coefficient of variation,and Barro regression equation.From the year of 1998 to 2002,the disparity of technological efficiency levels between the east,west and nation has revealed an obvious convergence phenomenon as time went by.From 2002 to 2005,only disparity of technological efficiency level in west parts are not obvious and emerged convergence phenomenon.Emission trends can be found in the technological efficiency level in the east,middle and the whole country.During the whole research period,namely from 1998-2005,generally,no matter in the east,middle,west or the whole country,the gaps of their technological efficient level between east,west,middle,or the whole country reflect convergence trend in degrees.(4) Exploring Chinese fertilizer industry productivity fluctuation stems from the general conditions of this industry.Researches reveal Chinese fertilizer industries' total factors productivity ascend range from 1998 to 2005,except a period from 1998-1999.Total factors productivity fluctuations happened in the east are as same as it happened in other parts of china.The middle parts of china secure growth,while in the year of 2000 and 2001, total factor production level decreases a bit.The west regions rise up in general apart from 1998 to 1999 and 2002 to 2003.Accompanied by the improvement of annual growth of technological efficiency and technological progresses,and mainly contributed to the obvious promotion of technological efficiency,total factor productivity obtains increases.(5) Fertilizer manufacturing industry productivity fluctuations in different regions reveal that during the period from 1998 to 2005,the fluctuating of total factor productivity in east is as similar as it happened in the whole country.Except from 2000 to 2001,total factor productivity level decrease,while in the rest years it ascended.In the west,only during two periods from 1998 to 1999,and from 2002 to 2003,total factor productivity went down the hill.The average growth of fertilizer manufacturing industry in the middle and west are 0.6%,0.33%and 0.89%respectively,which are mainly contributed to technological efficiency improvement and technological level advancement.Specifically, other provinces' total factor productivity index are bigger than 1,only Beijing and Jilin differs from it,0.9872 and 0.9772 respectively.Technological efficiency index are below 1 in Beijing,Guangdong,Shanxi,Jilin and Gansu provinces,other provinces with index below 1;technological advances index in shanghai and Qinghai are smaller than 1,other provinces are bigger than 1.(6) This paper has examined capital-labor intensive density,fertilizer price index,raw materials,fuels,powerful prices,ownership structure changes,corporate scale,enterprise sale and managerial cost and market occupation rate,of which have imposed influences on Chinese fertilizer productivity growth and composition.Enterprise scales have remarkable influences on the growth of productivity and composition.Capital-labor density and market occupation have taken remarkable negative effects on total factor productivity growth and technological efficiency changes,and positive functions over technological efficiency improvement but not obvious.Having no obvious functions on promote all factor productivity,fertilizer retail price and managerial expense.have obvious improvement to technological advances,and remarkable negative effects on technological efficiency improvement.Enterprises sale costs have bring about great positive and negative influences on technological advances and technological efficiency improvement,and play insignificant role in all factor productivity growth.Raw materials,fuels,power prices have taken a negligible role in productivity improvement and composition. (7) This paper analysis the factors of fertilizer supply.The result reveals that raw materials & fuels power prices,national revenue policies and import & export of fetilizer have brought great adverse effects.Change of technological efficiency,the planting areas of crops and policies of favour agriculture,favour country and favour farmer have take remarkable positive influences.Agricultural plant structure has positive effect on fertilize suplly,which is not conspicuous in statistics.Especially,change of technological efficiency is the most important element of which take effect on fertilizer supply.