| With a long history,the germination of planning in China and West were gone round to this day in the form of sites or words.Industrial revolution was started with a whistle in 19th century,as well as the worsening environment and outstanding social conflict.In this background,modern planning emerged to balance the market without control.With the development of modern planning,transportation planning,ever the part of urban planning,formed its own methods and techniques.In the history of social development,transportation planning plays a more and more important role.But more and more difficulties in transport planning cannot be solved by technology and some viewpoints changed slowly.The emphases were changed from technology and plan to person and process.According to the definition made by Professor Rong Chaohe,the planning in nature is a resource allocation method which is different with market.Besides technology,institution can increase the efficiency of resource allocation,because in the process of transportation planning,different institution would have different action,and then influence the result of resource allocation.Based upon that,the paper reviewed the theory of institution and institutional design and analysis the institution arrangement of transportation planning.Firstly,definite values,as some basic standard factors,have to be obeyed in institutional design.These factors often connect with social ideology,which means any institutional choice is one kind of ideology choice.If the value is confused,probably take action by the ambivalent standard and cause the resource waste.Secondly,establish the hierarchy of transportation plan——strategic plan,layout plan,development plan and construction plan,because①the orderly framework could keep the relevant stability of values in transportation plan system.②different transportation plans consider efficiency of plans in different levels.The efficiency of low level transportation plan is depended on the realization of efficiency of high level transportation plan.③under the constraints of institution,the conflicts among different transportation plans would be reduced and the efficiency of transportation plans would be improved.Thirdly,in modern democratization society,decision-makers are not only governments,but also other influential social groups,such as interest groups,specialists and citizens,which form a multiple decision structure.In order to get the real wills of ultimate clients and translate dispersive individual choice to collectivity choice,it is necessary to arrange the following institutions in decision-making of transportation planning,such as network power structure,responsibility cognizance of decision-makers,plenary public participation,free,open and transparent information.Fourthly,feasible implementation institution and perfect evaluation system,the later can provide more detail information for institutional design,as well as the supervision from the three parties.Then the paper gives demonstration study on evolvement of transportation planning in U.S.and U.K.after discussion institution arrangement of transportation planning under the framework of economy.Experiencing the low efficiency era without transportation planning,the two countries tried to allocate resources by transportation planning.Dead end roads and capital shortage ever happened in the early period,but such kind of low efficiency transportation planning became fewer and fewer because the institution of transportation planning was perfected continuously.In recent years, environmental pollution and energy intensity caused by transportation planning attracted the two countries' more attention and both of them took some measures,such as consistency provision and strategy environmental assessment,to advance the social contentment to transportation system by institution improvement.That means the institution arrangement of transportation planning is very important to realize its efficiency of resource allocation in a complicated and changeable environment.Being different with west countries,China was developed from planned economy. In traditional planned economy,stiff mandatory plan could not react to the change of real world.Project approval institution controlled by central government was in a dilemma,loosing and confusing while tightening and dying.Limited resources were not be used efficiently and the standard of living were not be improved greatly.So some revolutions,which involved investing and financing,project approval,planning system,were tried in the past decades of years.These revolutions gained prominent achievements,as well as transportation planning.A passel of transportation plans,led by National Development and Reform Commission,were issued and pointed the future development direction of transportation in China.These transportation plans has positive impact but some problems existing in the whole process are desiderated be solved,such as faulty transportation plan system,especially the absence of strategic transportation plan;ambiguous subject of planning which results polyarchy;planning process without authority or plan without enough financial support.In the final analysis,these problems are all related with institution arrangement and only perfect institution can settle these problems effectively.Base on the experience of west countries,the paper offers the following suggestions.Firstly,establish a real integrated Department of Transportation and harmonize all issues of transportation planning,in order to reduce the resources consumption and improve the efficiency of resources allocation of transportation planning.Secondly,build the four-level framework of transportation plan,which includes strategic plan,layout plan,development plan and construction plan.Resources allocation efficiency of transportation planning should be realized in above four levels and the efficiency of transportation planning in higher level decides the efficiency in lower level.Thirdly,in three classes and three species of plan system,national transportation plan should devote to confirm strategic objectives and game rules,while regional transportation plan,such as provincial and civic transportation plan,should refer to feasible project under the restriction of national transportation plan.Fourthly,exert an influence of public financial policy on transportation planning to induct the cooperative development of all kinds of transportation and restrict its negative external effect by game mechanism among different interest groups.Fifth,to strengthen education,advocate public participation, guarantee the open and transparency during the process of transportation planning and consider the long-term benefit of the public furthest.Sixthly,to separate the decision-making department of transportation planning from the executive department and establish the evaluation and supervision mechanism to find the problems appeared in transportation planning in time.Seventhly,to bring the process of transportation planning,including transportation plan,into the legal system,reduce the liberty actions and establish the authority of transportation planning.Finally,combined the development status of transportation planning in U.S.,U.K., and other countries,the paper concludes some common characteristics,as well as development direction of transportation planning in the future.Firstly,in order to keep the stability and authority of planning,the transportation planning should be legalized. Secondly,establish the hierarchy of transportation plan system for reducing the conflicts among different plans.Thirdly,adjust the relationship in responsibility,right and interest in the process of decentralization and improve the efficiency of transportation planning in virtue of inner and outer supervision mechanism.Fourthly,extensive public participation can effectively avoid the decision-making mistakes because of information asymmetry and reduce the possible moral risk in principal-agent relationship.Fifthly, build the evaluation mechanism to serve national transportation policy better.
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