Study On Non-family Migration On Dual Economic Structure In China

An inner requirement for economic growth is that the production value structure and employment structure match the population structure between urban and rural areas. However, in China the employment structure lags behind the production value structure and the population structure lags behind the employment structure. The employment transference of rural surplus labor is not accompanied by family urbanization is the key issue of the incoordination between these structures. Almost 80 percent transferred rural labors migrate to cities singly and leave their family members behind in rural areas. Their own anticipation of returning to their rural home in case of oldness, illness or unempolyment makes these rural transferred labors keep a temporary living mode in cities. Such a migration mode is totally different to those of other countries and implications of some classical theories.In this study, a family migration decision model is constructed to analyze the non-family migration phenomena of peasant workers. Here, a goal function of a family including wage, property income, benefits from public-service and family reunion is maximized. Under the circumstance of the rural-urban and regional disparity, along with institutional constraints and market conditions, maximizing of the wage requires labors' moving out for work. Their main properties such as contracted farm land and house which can't circulate freely in market transaction lacks some mobility. Public service is so closely connected with household registration and region that it is separated urban-rurally and regionally. To get benefits from properties and public service requires that the family has to stay in their registered residence. In pursuit of goal maximization, the decision result of a peasant family is that young adults with higher labor ability migrate for work and other family members with lower labor ability stay home, attending family contracted land and houses and gaining public service provided by rural government, which is slender but better than nothing. Family members are divided into two parts, one stays at home and the other migrates to cities. Family members live in modern department and traditional department simultaneously. Transference of rural surplus labor forces has made great contributions to the development of China in recent 30 years. But, families remaining in rural areas weaken the development effects of labor transference and generate negative effect. For example,factor mobility's effect of dwindling the gap of income decreased, which goes against the narrowing of the rural-urban and regional disparity; Family are so detained in countryside that it strengthens the social security function of contracted land and makes the distribution of land follow the fair principle but not efficiency principle; Family can't withdraw from the contracted land and hence the situation of farmland fragmentation can't get an improvement; Agricultural production is locked in ineffectiveness for the loss of the young adults labors; Lagged migration of Non-labor family members weakens the motivation to migrate of family's labors, thus reducing the urban population directly; The forward and backward linkage in industrial agglomeration is inhibited by the lagged family migration and the speed of industrial agglomeration slows down. Delayed urbanization of rural children has negative effect on human capital accumulation in China. Non-family migration makes labor members return to rural home once the economy is in depression and that may frustrates the labor poor function of cities and postpones the recovery speed of economy.This paper examines the theoretical conclusions empirically by using the survey data in Zhejiang province. Results indicates that the quantity of land and housing, free Compulsory Education and the level of human capital of migrated member have no significant influence on the migration of whole family. However, these factors such as whether there have children under 15 years and elderly people more than 65 years at home, the wages and the working time out of home, income distributed by village collective, the distance migrated and the system factors about the properties and public service influence the family migration decisions significantly.Public service system, land tenure system and household registration system are a trinity. Under the Separation effect of the household registration system, urban residents gain public service from the government and rural residents gain some thing like public service from the contract land. The collective ownership of rural land is an institutional arrangement to guaranty the land can operate as replacement of public service. Reforming of the household registration system individually is doomed failure for these three systems related to each other tightly. Maybe the reform needs coordinated progress beyond the ides of gradual reform for these 30 years. The breakthrough of reform is to balance the public service between rural and urban areas. Once the government undertakes the responsibility of public service, farm land can recover its function as property so that it can circulate according to the market principle. Furthermore, the land tenure towards privately property rights can make Progress. The household registration system separating the urban and rural is not necessary to exist after these reforms. And then, properties and the public service are no longer the hindering factor of a whole family migration. Population structure between urban and rural, production value structure and employment structure being intrinsically related is possible.