The Comparison On Civil Servant Endowment Insurance Among Typical Countries And Its Enlightenment On China

Enterprise experimental reform in five provinces and cities which is presented in January,2009and"Social Insurance Act(draft)"which explains on civil servant endowment insurance make it become focus again.Organ endowment insurance system is an important part in the whole social security system in China. At present our civil servant endowment system still carries out traditional leave-or-retirement from unit endowment insurance system in planned-economy period model, which exists many problems such as more and more financial burden for our country,high substitution rate which influences social justice,low socialization in current marketed-economy. So its reform is imperative. Only we establish perfect organ endowment insurance system to relieve financial stress, increase accumulation level of social security, to face polulation aging's fast coming,to promote talent's reasonable flow in different industries, to favor social harmony which shows unification between social justice and security efficiency. Therefore, the paper chooses civil servant endowment insurance as study orientation which has stronger realistic significance.The paper mainly compares civil servant endowment insurance among typical countries such as England, America, and Singpore from two aspects:development course and reform situation from fore-and-aft angle and endowment insurance model from transverse angle,and then concludes their experiences and lessons,which gives theoretical explanation on how to set up and improve characteristic civil servant endowment insurance of China and also presents specific countermeasure suggestions. The whole paper is composed of seven parts, and its basic thought and logic structure as follows:The first part is introduction,which explores aim and significance of the subject and concludes current research from home and abroad.Civil servant endowment insurance in typical countries has been brought into uniform social endowment insurance. Therefore, the research on public endowment insurance (include civil servant)mainly focuses on two aspects:rationality of compellent public endowment system existence and comparision between Pay-As-You-Go System and Fully Funded System endowment system,necessity and feasibility of this transition from Pay-As-You-Go System to Funded System,and we can see its research mainly in some theoretical genre. Meantime, the paper summarizes important points and main dispute on civil servant endowment insurance reform in foreign experts'opinions. By hackling our countries'research, we find there are lack of reform research on organ and enterprise endowment insurance system, for example, lack of theory research,briefness of research background and singleness of angle.On the basis of these, the paper explains research thought, methods,important points,innovative points and future research issues.The second part mainly explains the basic theory about endowment insurance and the definition of the basic concepts. This part summarizes the definition, production, and development of endowment insurance, and its role and status in social life; retraces the original theory of endowment insurance system. Grasping these theories is the basis to study the feasibility and rationality of the civil servant endowment insurance.By sorting out endowment insurance-related theories, we can find that whether political or economic perspective view of the theory which,in fact,reflects the idea of endowment insurance. Different theoretical basis will lead to different recognition of endowment insurance policy and orientation of designing the system is different,so it is necessary to understand these theories. At the same time it also introduces the"Commission-Agency Theory"in Economics and uses the relationship between insurance and efficiency which is changed from this theory to compare and analyze the typical national model of endowment insurance in the fourth chapter; clarifies the differences among states'organs, enterprises in our country; defines civil servant's range of typical countries and China.The third part mainly puts the development and reform of endowment insurance of civil servants in typical countries into comparison in the vertical view.Through the historical review of the establishment, development and reform of national civil servant endowment insurance in the three typical countries,the characteristics can be summarized as:the establishment of the civil servant endowment insurance is generally earlier than other groups;the civil servant endowment insurance is put into a unified social endowment insurance;perfect law system guarantees the development of civil servant endowment insurance system and reflects the multilevel nature of England and America and individual duty in Singapore;through the comparative analysis of the background,the path and the effectiveness of national civil servant endowment insurance reform in typical countries,we know that current backgrounds of the reform are common:the challenges of population aging and the deterioration of the macroeconomic situation, from the path of reform's view,its characteristics are:the reform of England and America civil servant endowment insurance is an adjustment of some system parameters and are toward the multi-pillar endowment insurance reform advocated by the World Bank; Singapore's civil servant endowment insurance system structure is of a complete and thorough reform. The original Pay-As-You-Go System is changed by a Fully Funded System, payment model is changed form defined benefits to defined contribution; three nations are using the combination of ways of various reforms.The specific content tendency of reform in three countries is mainly as:the responsibility of civil servant endowment insurance reform in the government is gradually transformed from full responsibility and commitment to the private sector; civil servant endowment insurance benefits based on wage index is adjusted by a price index or reformed as the method of the accumulation of actuarial payment; three countries are to improve the civil servant retiring age; Finally, the paper estimates the three nations'civil servant reform from two criteria in order to give reference to establish the basic framework of civil servant endowment insurance in China.The fourth part compares the different patterns of civil servant endowment insurance in typical countries and the secondary pension in multi-pillar system, including definition, pattern and the necessity, which are the basis of the following analysis. It classifies the contemporary patterns of civil servant endowment insurance by five criteria and introduces the detailed contents of civil servant endowment insurance in typical countries.Then it analyzes comparatively the methods of collecting fund of endowment insurance,fund collecting and the management system of endowment insurance according to the relation between insurance and efficiency,which is internalized by"Commission-agency Theory".Obviously, the differences in dealing with the relation will affect one country's economy. The patterns in other countries cannot be suitable for China completely. We should absorb the merits and combine them in optimization, from which we can obtain some enlightenment. We should handle the relation between insurance and efficiency; we should choose Partially Funded System; and we should integrate the public and private management.The fifth part explores the reform of civil servant endowment insurance in China. It introduces the establishment, development and reform of civil servant endowment insurance after 1949. By analyzing the measures taken by Shenzhen, Ningbo and Hunan province, it discusses the achievements and the problems of the reform, from which we can discover the reform tendency of civil servant since 1990s.Though we have got prominent achievement, we cannot ignore the problems in the reform such as disunity of the policy,lack of legal means,and overtop of substitution rate.The proposal of the reform target should follow the theoretical and practical basis.The theoretical basis includes Own-Labor Theory and Contract Theory.We should consider the practical basis that is the serious challenge of population aging, the function's weakness of family endowment security and the progress of endowment insurance reform for people in cities.Then we propose the target pattern of civil servant endowment insurance reform, which is the tri-pillar pattern under the logo of common responsibility. We should unleash the function of the traditional family support.The sixth part puts forward the basic system frame imagination of our countries'civil servant endowment insurance reform on the basis of elaboration and comparison and analysis.With realistic situation in our country the paper suggests specific system frame on the general-aim model.The paper proposes that the first pillar,compellent basic endowment insurance should make use of Model of Combining Social Pooling with Individual Account,and individual account should introduce Transitional Nominal Account System and several specific system schemes such as:pension payment,calculation system and problems of "the old","the middle-aged","the new"in system transition.The paper gives several advice about the second pillar, establishment of compellent servant pension system as follows:make clear character location of civil servant pension;provide a great deal of financial support and it can embody feature of civil servant career;set up acculation fund of individual account and also make them keep or increase profit;enforce supervision and management of pension by law means;establish allowance stimulation mechanism of civil servant pension.The paper introduces the situation of individual saving endowment insurance of the third pillar in our country and suggests perfect countermeasure in the light of questions of current commercial endowment insurance. Finally,as organ endowment insurance system reform is a social systematic project. The paper also explores set system reform on retirement, salary and welfare, tax, and law system in detail.The last chapter mainly summarizes the whole paper and points out the limitations in the research.