| Technology is the key factors and main power to change the way of agriculture development, to cope with competition, to alleviate the resources pressure and to realize the sustainable development of agriculture. To promote agricultural science and technology progress, we must dependent on both investment and the innovation efficiency. Compared with investment, the innovation efficiency is more complex. Otherwise the innovation efficiency is an important basis for science and technology investment decision-making. Therefore, the innovation efficiency of agricultural science and technology not only is a major theoretical issue to establish a favorable operating mechanism of agricultural science and technology innovation, but also is a major practical problem to decision-making of agricultural technology innovations.According to the logical framework of "discovery issues-theoretical analysis-construction of model-empirical analysis-solve the problem", basis on the innovation theory and efficiency theory, adoption the methodology system that elements, structure, environment decided system functions jointly, using the analysis method of econometric, mathematical programming, document analysis and concrete analysis of gray relational, this paper studied the innovation efficiency of agricultural science and technology systematically.First, the concept of innovation efficiency in agricultural science and technology was illustrated. The nature of agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency is to measure the relationship between the input and output of agricultural technology innovation. The input-output relationship can be divided into two levels:one is the actual level. It was called as the actual efficiency which is the actual ratio of output and inputs in the process of agricultural technology innovation and effective. Other is possible levels. It was called as a frontal efficiency which is the estimated input-output relationship based on the frontier of agricultural science and technology innovation. The former can reflect the actual situation that the object translated the agricultural science and technology into effective output. Other hand, the latter can reflect the possible situation that the object translated the agricultural science and technology into effective output. The efficiency of agricultural technological innovation included the above two levels.Second, the input and output indicators system of agricultural technology innovation and measure model of the innovation efficiency were established. This mode was used to measure and analyze the innovation efficiency of Chinese agricultural Science and technology between 1990 and 2006. The results showed that the actual efficiency of Chinese agricultural science and technology funds observed fluctuation trend. The actual efficiency of agricultural sic-tech staff was increased steadily. The actual efficiency of an integrated agricultural technological innovation was gradually increased trend. The frontal efficiency of the innovation efficiency of agricultural science and technology was improved in fluctuating trend. However, both the actual efficiency and frontal efficiency of agricultural science and technology innovation were increased since 2002.Third, micro configuration structure that impact the efficiency of agricultural science and technology innovation was analyzed. The results showed that the funds invested in agricultural technology of research and development Institutions, large and medium enterprises and universities increased totally between 1990 and 2007. However, the structure of invest was changed significantly. The structure pattern changed from research and development Institutions were absolute advantage into research and development institutions and large and medium enterprises were the same important. At the agriculture level, the structure changed slightly among different industries. There are discrepancies between technology funds allocation structure and its contribution to agriculture GDP in different agriculture industries. However, the results of empirical analysis on the innovation efficiency of agricultural technology showed that the agricultural technology funds invest on forestry, animal husbandry and fishery could not improved the innovation efficiency of agricultural technology. Agricultural science and technology innovation was the system allocation process of institutional, financial, personnel. If wanting to optimize the innovation resources of agricultural science and technology, we must design systematically as a whole.Fourth, the key institutional arrangements that impact the efficiency of agricultural technology innovation were analyzed from both supply and demand perspective. The results showed that the institutional arrangements could change the transaction costs, opportunism and the acts of innovation subject in the innovation course of agricultural technology. Thereby, the efficiency of agricultural science and technology innovation were affected. The performance of Chinese agricultural science and technology could be divided into the government-led decentralized supply system and the difficult to expression decentralized supply system. This kind of institutional arrangement led to the gap between science and technology and the actual agricultural production. So the efficiency of agricultural science and technology innovation was affected too. Establishing the supply system faced industrial and rebuilding agricultural scale management organization by property rights innovation were the path to achieve docking of supply and demand of agricultural technology and improve innovation efficiency.Fifth, the effect of technology policy on agricultural science and technology innovation was analyzed. The research showed that the allocation efficiency, scale efficiency and action efficiency of agricultural science and technology innovation could be improved by technology policy. The policy for promotion agricultural science and technology innovation at national level was enough. However, the function of science and technology incentive policy were constrained by the management degree of enterprise system and the cognitive degree of science and technology policy by the TOBIT model analysis for 100 agricultural enterprises in Hebei province. In implementation process of science and technology policy, because the lack of coordination among governmental departments, the inadequate enforcement and the problem of poor operational, the agriculture enterprises could enjoy the preferential policies very limited. Therefore, improve the formation mechanism of science and technology policy, implementation and monitoring mechanisms were the main path for policy incentive function's play.All in all, the evaluation model of agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency was established in this paper. The empirical answer was given on the change of agricultural science and technology innovation efficiency.The factors that affect the efficiency of agricultural technology innovation were analyzed. The affected mechanisms of resource allocation, systems and policies on the efficiency of agricultural science and technology innovation were discussed. Through this analysis, the micro-configuration method of agriculture science and technology, the system innovation path and the main way of policy incentive were proposed. This paper has the following innovations:First, the problem of sci-tech innovation was studied systemic from the view of the modern industrial system of agriculture and the needs of agricultural science and technology management. Second, the actual efficiency and frontal efficiency of Chinese agricultural technology innovation were measurement. Third, the developing system of agricultural science and technology innovation was analyzed from both supply and demand perspective. The innovation efficiency of agricultural science and technology was impacted by the supply system of government-led and the ineffective demand institutional arrangements of household seriously. The path of institutional innovation for improving the innovation efficiency were the establishment of sci-tech supply facing industrial and the rebuilt of the scale management organization of agriculture.
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