| The cultivated land is a multi-functional resource. On the one hand, they can provide economic value by affording the basic resource for the production and survive of human being. On the other hand, they can afford the ecological value, such as water and soil conservation, climate regulation, environment purification and maintaining the biodiversity. Addition to that, they can provide social value such as offering the social security and maintain the social stability. Therefore, ensuring the quantity and quality of cultivated land resource is the base to achieve sustainable development of our society and economy. At present, most of the researches about cultivated land value mainly focus on the gross value, macro-factors affecting cultivated land value and compensation of regional cultivated land value at the country, province and county scale. But in south west China, where is influenced by new tectonic movement, the terrain is mainly split, hills and down land are isolated and cultivated land is scattered and broken. Consequently, at the regional scale, we can not completely reveal the essence of cultivated land value under the effect of nature and humanity. We can not recognize how the microcosmic main body of household and internal factors such as climate, topography, vegetation, hydrology and soil affect the cultivated land value. Addition to that, the features of different plots’gross value, which are embodied in current market mechanism, will not be understood reasonably. Therefore, that has a bad effect to identify the influence mechanism of cultivated land value and find out the effective methods to promote cultivated land value. Also, that impedes making rational compensation criteria of cultivated land externalities value according to the embodying features of different plots. Therefore, taking Dazhu Village of Qiantang Town in Hechuan District, Lingquan Village of Zhuxi Town in Kaixian County and Zhonghua Village of Yongcheng Town in Qianjiang District as study areas, the economy, society and ecology value was, at the plot scale, estimated by the investigation of cultivated land input and output situation, natural economy area condition and household characteristics in this paper. Furthermore, the value characteristics, influencing factors, value increment and value compensation were analyzed, which enable us to have a more comprehensive understanding of cultivated land value and indicate the action direction of cultivated land value increment. More importantly, those provide a theoretical basis for compensating the cultivated land value and offer the decision-making reference for the government to formulate the compensation system.1. The economic value of cultivated land at the plot scaleFrom the perspective of land types, the averages of surveyed paddy field plots’economic value per unit area in Dazhu Village, Lingquan Village and Zhonghua Village were182146yuan per hectare,271772yuan per hectare and126225yuan per hectare, respectively. That is higher than dry land which is118934yuan per hectare,104369yuan per hectare and70001yuan per hectare, respectively. From the perspective of different cultivation modes, the economic value per unit area of the rice-rape and rice-rape-potato mode plot is generally higher than that of the single season rice planting mode plot and the economy value per unit area of the economic crop mode plot is much higher than that of the traditional planting mode plot such as wheat-corn-sweet-potato and corn-sweet-potato.That reveals the higher the cultivated land multiple cropping indexes and economic crop proportion is, the better the economic output function value can exerts. The average comprehensive technical efficiency levels of paddy field plots in three villages were0.724,0.766and0.784, respectively. Whereas, the average comprehensive technical efficiency levels of dry field plots in three villages were0.754,0.626and0.755respectively. Obviously, the average comprehensive technical levels of three villages are not so high, which indicates the current output level has a large promote space. The factors restricting the economic value of dry field and paddy field are different from each other. The paddy field plots of three villages were not significantly affected by natural condition but the dry land plots were mainly affected by natural condition. For instance, the correlation coefficients between dry land plots and surface slope in three villages were-0.796,-0.707and-0.738, respectively. While, the correlation coefficients between dry land plots and the thickness of soil layer in three villages were0.753,0.595and0.732, respectively. Therefore, the key to promote the economy value of paddy field is reforming the irrigation condition, planting scale, cultivating radius and traffic condition, as well as reasonably adjusting the investment behavior and the cropping system behavior. On the other hand, the key to promote the value of dry field is improving natural condition such as slope and soil thickness. On the base of clarifying the effect mechanism of cultivated land economy value, the increment of cultivated land economy value should be conducted on three aspects, which are reforming the cultivated land quality condition, reasonably adjusting farmer behavior and optimizing the macro-environment.2. The social value of cultivated land at the plot scale(1)The social stability function value of cultivated landThe highest average level of surveyed cultivated land plots’social stability function value per unit area in the three villages is Dazhu Village, with192804yuan per hectare; followed by Lingquan Village with164452yuan per hectare; and the lowest one is Zhonghua Village with141333yuan per hectare. The mean levels of surveyed paddy field plots’social stability function value per unit area in Dazhu Village, Lingquan Village, and Zhonghua Village were216309yuan per hectare,169818yuan per hectare and157481yuan per hectare espectively, which all higher than that of surveyed paddy field plots with165969yuan per hectare,161165yuan per hectare and128261yuan per hectare.That’s mainly determined by that the overall quality of the paddy field is generally higher than that of dry field. The same feature of the most surveyed plots in the three villages is that the largest composition proportion of social stability function value is fixed assets, followed by the discounted value of fertilizing input and the discounted value of land revenue losses successively. It shows that the social stability function value of cultivated land is mainly determined by the cultivated land quality which determines the fixed assets condensation of plots. In short, the higher the quality of cultivated land is, the better the social stability function value of cultivated land will be.The social stability function value of cultivated land plot in the three study areas was restricted by the natural quality of cultivated land, the conditions of water conservancy facilities and the convenience to farming, which shows that at this stage we can promote the social stability function of cultivated land by land reclamation to a certain extent. To promote the social stability value of cultivated land, on the one hand, we should increase the amount of cultivated land resources by two means of increasing land area and reducing expenditure, on the other hand, we should enhance the material product output capacity of cultivated land by improving the cultivated land quality, adjusting the farmers’behavior and optimizing the macro environment.(2)The social security function value of cultivated landFrom the perspective of rural households,the average level of the theoretical social security value that surveyed households’contracted land per unit area bearing and the average level of the surveyed households’actual demand for the theoretical social security value in Lingquan Village were largest, which with296150yuan per hectare and171478yuan per hectare espectively, then followed by Zhonghua Village with265675yuan per hectare and159264yuan per hectare,and the lowest one was Dazhu Village with213908yuan per hectare and141336yuan per hectare espectively. While the situation of three villages’per capita cultivated land resource is just opposite. The per capita cultivated land resource of Dazhu Village is largest, the second one was Zhonghua Village and the lowest one was Lingquan Village.It shows that the fewer the per capita cultivated land resource is, the greater the social security pressure that cultivated land per unit area bearing will be. According to the comparison between the theoretical social security value and the demand for the social security value, for most surveyed households of three villages, the demand for social security value was lower than the theoretical social security value, which indicates that the increase of rural households’non-agricultural income could reduce the dependence of rural households on their contracted land to some extent. From the perspective of cultivated land plot, the average levels of surveyed paddy field plots’social security function value per unit area in the three villages of Dazhu, Lingquan and Zhonghua were150668yuan per hectare,189330yuan per hectare and171019yuan per hectare espectively, which all higher than that of surveyed dry field plots with97729yuan per hectare,68680yuan per hectare and98104yuan per hectare. The social security function value of plots with high multiple cropping index and economic crop proportion was generally greater than that of the traditional planting mode plots such as wheat-corn-sweet-potato and corn-sweet-potato. It indicates that we can enhance the social security supply capacity of the cultivated land to some extent by improving the multiple cropping index and the economic crop proportion.The cultivated land plots’social security value of three villages was significantly affected by the per capita cultivated land area, the per capita non-farm income and the net income of cultivated land plot per unit area. It plays a positive role to reduce the social security pressure of cultivated land by increasing the per capita cultivated land area of the rural households and improving the per capita non-farm income of farmers. Also it’s important to enhance the social security carrying capacity of cultivated land by increasing the net income of cultivated land plot per unit area.To mitigate the contradiction between the human’s huge demand for the social security function of cultivated land resources and the limited supply of the social security function, on the one hand, we should enhance the social security supply capacity of cultivated land resources by increasing the amonut of cultivated land resources and improving the material goods output capacity of cultivated land resources, on the other hand, we should weaken the dependence of human on the social security function of cultivated land by increasing the non-farm income of rural households, speeding up the transfer of rural population to urban areas, and further strengthening the construction and improvement of rural social security system.3. The ecological value of cultivated land at the plot scaleOverall, the ecological value of Lingquan Village,308707yuan per hectare, was the highest of all the three villages. The second one was Dazhu Village,270340yuan per hectare and the lowest one was Zhonghua Village,265174Yuan per hectare. From the perspective of land types, the average levels of surveyed dry field plots’ecological value per unit area in the three villages were close to each other, which were296390Yuan per hectare,296816Yuan per hectare and299436Yuan per hectare, respectively. While the average levels of surveyed paddy field plots’ecological value per unit area in the three villages were totally different and the ecological value of Lingquan Village was80591Yuan per hectare higher than that of Dazhu Village and105265Yuan per hectare higher than that of Zhonghua Village. From the perspective of different cultivation modes, the ecological value of plot adopting rice-rape-potato mode was higher than rice-rape and rice mode, especially higher than the traditional rice mode. The ecological value of plot adopting wheat-corn-potato mode was higher than corn-potato and economic crop mode. That indicates the higher the cultivated land multiple cropping index and economic crop proportion is, the stronger the ecological service function is. It reveals the ecological service function of cultivated land can be exerted further through improving the multiple cropping index and biomass output of the plots. The ecological value of paddy field and dry field in three research areas was significantly affected by the infield quality index and multiple cropping index. That shows the ecological value of cultivated land can be greatly improved through enhancing the construction of water conservancy and the ecological environment as well as through the use of modern agricultural technology to improve the multiple cropping index of research area. The comprehensive measures to promote the ecological value can be adopted in four aspects. First, the ecological value of cultivated land can be improved through reforming the quality of plot including strengthening the plan and implementation of land consolidation projects. Secondly, the multiple cropping index and organic fertilizer input should be increased by adjusting farming system behavior and material investment behavior. Then, the agricultural technology research and application should be enhanced in order to improve the agricultural technology level. At last, the ecological agriculture should be widely carried out to ensure the normal exertion of infield ecosystem service function.4. The comprehensive value of cultivated land at the plot scaleFrom the perspective of the overall features of plot’s comprehensive value, the cultivated land, which has good irrigation, traffic conditions, high multiple cropping index, and high economic crop proportion, is more conducive to promote the value of cultivated land; From the perspective of the composition of plot’s comprehensive value, the plot’s economic value took up19.81%,19.30%and14.04%of the comprehensive value in Dazhu Village, Lingquan Village and Zhonghua Village, respectively. The results indicate that the economic value occupies a small proportion, while social value and ecological value take up larger proportion, which prove the external value of cultivated land is much larger and can not be ignored. Therefore, the research to embody the external value of cultivated land fully must be strengthened, in order to enhance the comparative efficiency of the cultivated land resources, and fundamentally reverse the rapid loss of the arable land at present. Besides, at the process of land use, the comprehensive value of cultivated land does not embody sufficiently in the three villages of Dazhu, Lingquan and Zhonghua, of which the ration was38.98%,35.65%and36.84%, respectively. That suggests that in current market mechanism, social value and ecological value which with external features are difficult to be fully embodied. And the peasant households who investing and protecting the cultivated land only get a small part of the income that should belong to them. That is a deprivation of farmers’interests and also an inefficient use of cultivated land resource, which has a bad effect to enhance the farmers’enthusiasm to protect cultivated land and improve the comparative benefit of cultivated land resource. The comprehensive value of cultivated land is reflected at varying degree in the three study areas during the process of land requisition, especially the paddy field plots, most value of which have not been reflected. That indicates when establishing the compensation standard of land requisition, we should base on the evaluation of each cultivated land plot’comprehensive value, instead of the average compensation standard. To reflect the comprehensive value of the cultivated land resources in the process of land use, the issues about externality value compensation of cultivated land should be further explored at this stage, including clarifying property rights and the compensation object of the cultivated land external value. Moreover, cultivated land evaluation based on the comprehensive value should be speeded up and the compensation standard should be established. Then the origin and management about the compensation funds of the cultivated land use external value should be clarified and the compensation method should be determined. At last, the legislation should be strengthened to provide a legal basis and protection for cultivated land external value compensation. To fully reflect the comprehensive value of the cultivated land resources in the process of cultivated land requisition, cultivated land expropriation value compensation system should to be further improved at this stage, and the ecology compensation fee should be set up in land requisition aspects. Furthermore, the different compensation standards should be established on the evaluation of comprehensive value of cultivated land and the compensation subject and compensation object should be clarified.Overall, the value of cultivated land was researched on plot scale in this paper.First, the features of economic value, social value, ecological value of cultivated land under different nature conditions and human activities were analyzed, which helps us to recognize the affect mechanism of three values. Furthermore, the system of comprehensive measures to improve the three values of cultivated land was proposed. Meantime, the overall features and composition characteristics of the cultivated land comprehensive value was clarified in order to reveal the embodiment degree of cultivated land comprehensive value in the process of land use and requisition under the current market mechanisms. Moreover, the issues related to compensating the external value in the process of land use and requisition was explored, more importantly, the idea of determining different compensation standards based on the evaluation of cultivated land comprehensive value was proposed. But in this paper, the evaluation of the cultivated land ecological value didn’t consider the negative externality benefits of the cultivated land. The value embodiment research about the cultivated land value in the process of land use and requisition is mainly based on theoretical studies, which lacks practical operability. Therefore, the accurate evaluation of the cultivated land value and the practical operational research about the externality value compensation of the cultivated land should be further strengthened from now on, the aim of which are providing scientifically and comprehensively theoretical basis and practical reference to resolve the problems about cultivated land use and protection in our country. |
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