| Toxoplasmosis is a globally spreaded zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which parasites in host’s nucleated cells. The host of T. gondii is very wide, including humans, pig, cattle, goat, horse, rabbit, dog, cat, chicken and so on. It is estimated that around 25% to 50% of the world human population are infected by the parasite. The morbidity and mortality caused by T. gondii is highest in pigs among all animals. When pigs are infected by T. gondii, the disease can spread whole piggery, and the mortality rate is as high as 60% above. Toxoplasmosis greatly influences human health and development of animal husbandry. Presently, there are some effective medicines for treatment of toxoplasmosis, such as sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, sulfamonomethoxine, azithromycin, spiramycin and clindamycin. But all of these drugs have serious side-effects. Compared with medicines, traditional Chinese medicines have fewer side-effects. In recent years, many researches about traditional Chinese medicine were carried out, and some traditional Chinese medicines have been proved to be good efficacies against T. gondii infection. In order to know the epidemiology of T. gondii in pigs in Taizhou and seek effective traditional Chinese medicines against T. gondii, we carried out this research as following.1 A sero-epidemiological survey of T. gondii infection in pigs from Taizhou regionIndirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) was used to determine 775 swine serum samples from 6 districts and counties (Hailing district, Gaogang district, Jiangyan county, Xinghua county, Taixing county and Jingjiang county) of Taizhou region. The results showed that there were 59 positive swine serum samples and the positive rate was 7.61%. The positive rates of antibody in serum from small scale pig farms and large scale pig farms were 14.12%(34/241) and 4.68% (25/534). The positive rates of antibody in serum of fattening pigs, weaning piglets and breeding sows from small scale pig farms were 17.31%,9.78% and 15.56%, respectively. The positive rates of antibody in serum of fattening pigs, weaning piglets, breeding sows and breeding boars from large scale pig farms were 6.25%,3.09%,5.26% and 2.7%, respectively. The positive rates of antibody in swine serum from Hailing district, Gaogang district, Jiangyan county, Xinghua county, Taixing county and Jingjiang county were 7.26%,8.22%,6.20%,6.82%, 9.6% and 7.56%, respectively. It concluded that the positive rates of antibody in swine serum of 6 districts and counties nearly approached. The positive rates of antibody in serum of small-scale pig farms were significantly higher than those of large-scale pig farms (P<0.05). The following situations existed in small-scale pig farms and large-scale pig farms from Taizhou region. The positive rate of antibody in serum of breeding sows nearly approached that of fattening pigs. The positive rate of antibody of fattening pigs was highest, that of breeding boars was lowest. The results of this sero-epidemiological survey provided scientific evidence for prevention and control of toxoplasmosis from Taizhou region.2 Efficacy on five traditional Chinese medicines against artificial infection of T. gondii RH strain in miceFirstly, the lethal dose in mice infected by T. gondii was determined. Then, the optimal treatment dose of each drug including Sulfamonomethoxine Sodium was ascertained by drug security test in vivo. Finally, efficacies of five traditional Chinese medicines were observed as the following procedures. Each mouse except that in negative control group was intraperitoneally inoculated with 25 tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain. Four hours later, each mouse except those in negative control group and challenged untreated group were treated with Herba Inulae Cappae (25 g/kg), Elsholtzia penduliflora (25 g/kg), Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels leaves (25 g/kg), Inonotus obliquus (25 g/kg), Veneum Bufonis (10.4 mg/kg) or Sulfamonomethoxine Sodium (200 mg/kg) by intragastric administration, twice per day for 5 days, respectively. The efficacies of drugs were assessed by survival rates and mean survival days of mouse, numbers of tachyzoite in peritoneal exudates, degree of pathological changes of major tissues and activities of SOD in serum. The results showed that survival rates in groups of Sulfamonomethoxine Sodium, Veneum Bufonis, Inonotus obliquus, Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels leaves, Herba Inulae Cappae and Elsholtzia penduliflora were 66.67%,61.11%,50.00%, 5.56%,0% and 0%, respectively. The mean survival days, numbers of tachyzoites and activities of SOD among the groups of Veneum Bufonis, Inonotus obliquus and Sulfamonomethoxine Sodium were no significant differences (P>0.05), but were significantly different from those in groups of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels leaves, Herba Inulae Cappae, Elsholtzia penduliflora and challenged untreated (P<0.05), respectively. In mice treated with Sulfamonomethoxine Sodium or Veneum Bufonis only slight hyperemia in lung capillaries were observed, and no obvious pathological changes occurred in livers and spleens. There were also no obvious pathological changes in livers of mice treated with Inonotus obliquus. Spleens of mice in other treated groups occurred different degrees of necrosis. It concluded that efficacies of Veneum Bufonis and Inonotus obliquus against T. gondii nearly approached that of Sulfamonomethoxine Sodium. The therapeutic effects of Herba Inulae Cappae, Elsholtzia penduliflora and Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels leaves were non-obvious.3 Efficacy on four traditional Chinese medicines against artificial infection of T. gondii RH strain in miceFirstly, the optimal treatment dose of each drug including Sulfamonomethoxine Sodium was ascertained by drug security test in vivo. Then, efficacies of four traditional Chinese medicines were observed as the following procedures. Each mouse except that in negative control group was intraperitoneally inoculated with 25 tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain. Four hours later, each mouse except those in negative control group and challenged untreated group were treated with Inonotus obliquus (25 g/kg), Folium viticis negundo leaves (25 g/kg), Parnassia wightiana Wall (25 g/kg), Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels leaves (25 g/kg) or Sulfamonomethoxine Sodium (200 mg/kg) by intragastric administration, twice per day for 5 days, respectively. The efficacies of drugs were assessed by survival rates and mean survival days of mouse, numbers of tachyzoite in peritoneal exudates, degree of pathological changes of major tissues and activities of SOD in serum. The results showed that survival rates in groups of Sulfamonomethoxine Sodium, Inonotus obliquus, Folium viticis negundo leaves, Parnassia wightiana Wall and Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels leaves were 61.11%,44.44%,38.89%,0% and 11.11%, respectively. The mean survival days, numbers of tachyzoites and activities of SOD among the groups of Inonotus obliquus, Folium viticis negundo leaves and Sulfamonomethoxine Sodium were no significant differences (P>0.05), but were significantly different from those in groups of Parnassia wightiana Wall and challenged untreated (P<0.05). Only slight hyperemia in lung capillaries and widened alveolar septa were observed in lung tissue from mice treated with Sulfamonomethoxine Sodium. Scattered erythrocytes in pulmonary alveoli, Slight hyperemic sinusoid of hepatic lobule and few necrotic areas from spleen tissues presented in Inonotus obliquus and Folium viticis negundo leaves groups. There were pathological changes including scattered erythrocytes in pulmonary alveoli, karyopyknosis of many live cells, obvious necrotic areas and vesicular degeneration in liver tissues and necrosis of spleen tissues in Parnassia wightiana Wall and Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels leaves groups. The degree of pathological changes of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels leaves group was slighter than that of Parnassia wightiana Wall group. It concluded that efficacies of Inonotus obliquus and Folium viticis negundo leaves against T. gondii nearly approached that of Sulfamonomethoxine Sodium. The efficacy of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels leaves was a bit poor and the therapeutic effect of Parnassia wightiana Wall was non-obvious.4 Efficacy on a traditional Chinese medicine compound preparation against artificial infection of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain in miceFirstly, the securities of traditional Chinese medicine compound preparation at dfferent doses, which was made up of Inonotus obliquus, Folium viticis negundo leaves, Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels leaves and Radix Glycyrrhizae, were ascertained in vivo. Then, the efficacies at different doses(35 g/kg,25 g/kg,15 g/kg) of traditional Chinese medicine compound preparation were compared to screen optimal drug dose. Finally, the efficacies at optimal drug dose were further confirmed as the following procedures. Each mouse except that in negative control was intraperitoneally inoculated with 25 tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain. Four hours later, each mouse except those in negative control group and challenged untreated group were treated traditional Chinese medicine compound preparation (25 g/kg) or Sulfamonomethoxine Sodium (200 mg/kg) by intragastric administration, twice per day for 5 days, respectively. The efficacies of drugs were assessed by survival rates and mean survival days of mouse, numbers of tachyzoite in peritoneal exudates, degree of pathological changes of major tissues and activities of SOD in serum. The results showed that survival rates and mean survival days of mouse, and numbers of tachyzoite in peritoneal exudates among the three groups, which treated with 35 g/kg or 25 g/kg traditional Chinese medicine compound preparation and 200 mg/kg Sulfamonomethoxine Sodium, respectively, were no significant differences (P>0.05). The further test showed that survival rates and average survival times of mouse, numbers of tachyzoites in peritoneal exudates and activities of SOD in serum were similar between 25 g/kg traditional Chinese medicine compound preparation and 200 mg/kg Sulfamonomethoxine Sodium, and both could lighten the degree of pathological changes of liver, lung and spleen. It concluded that traditional Chinese medicine compound preparation had a certain effect against T. gondii, the efficacy was best at 25 g/kg dose. |
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