The Study Of The Adversative Category In Modern Chinese Upon The Cognitive Pragmatics

This paper analyses the relevance theory and the counter-expectation expression ofthe adversative compound sentence.The positive contextual effects make the newinformation expectation or counter-expectation.The clause and the compound sentenceare different in the counter-expectation expression, the former is implicature and thelatter is saying.ICM is able to block the expectation, and the adversative compoundsentences also meet maximal relevance expectation.In the ostension-inference model ofthe adversative compound sentence, there are five ostensive elements that hint thecounter-expectation information and the hierarchy of the ostensive level and theprocessing effort.In the improvisation comments, there are two laws of the omission ofthe ostensive elements that prove the relevance theory can also explain the politenessphenomena.In brief, This paper try to solve the problems in Chinese compound sentencewith the relevance theory.The grounding mechanisms of the adversative multiclause sentence include thesyntactic mechanism and the discourse mechanism which together manipulate thegrounding process of the adversative multiclause sentence: make the front clausebecome the background and the back clause become the foreground. The syntacticmechanism makes the front clause package the information and become the backgroundwith the imperfective verbs and the special constructions. Moreover, the hightransitivity sentences often become the back clauses and the foregrounds. The discoursemechanism includes the adversative markers and the word order. The adversativemarker is the semantic operator and the contrastive marker. The word order means thebackground-to-foreground progression. The grounding process is dynamic andsuccessive. The study of the grounding mechanisms is of the important meanings in thelinguistic typology.The relator and the principles were raised by Dik.The study of the relator is thenew problem in the study of Chinese.This paper explores the structure X dàoshi X inexchange,including semantic feature,textual function,pragmatic mechanism and stylisticfeature,and X dàoshi X proves to be the relator.In Chinese,the scope of the relator isexpanded.This paper shows that the clause can also be regarded as the relator in thediscourse.The stative study should be combined with the dynamic study.“danshi”and“que”are the main relative marks of adversative compound sentences in modern Chinese.According to the difference of usage,“danshi”can be differentiatedinto“danshi1”and“danshi2”.The adversative attributes of“danshi1”,“danshi2”and“que”are respectively [+emphasis],[+mark] and [+contrast].This paper obtains thehierarchy of adversative strength of “danshi”and“que”from the difference ofadversative attributes and the omission of“danshi1”and“que”. This conclusion can beverified by diachronic observation.