| In the study of disyllabic words in modern Chinese, three syllable words occupy an important position. But compared with the monosyllabic and disyllabic words, studies on the three syllable word boundary is extremely weak. There is an increasing trend for three syllable words in modern Chinese, the proportion of three syllable words are gradually increased in new words, compared with the monosyllabic and disyllabic words, the three syllable words show different characteristics in many aspects, so three syllable words are worthy of our study. In view of this, we choose the three syllable words in "Modern Chinese Dictionary" (5th edition) and "Modern Chinese Standard Dictionary (2nd edition), establish the Modern Chinese three syllable words database, After careful screening, excluding non words, the corpus contains three words 7691,8384 items. In this closed range, with methods of statistics on the number, we tag its part of speech, the number of morphemes, hierarchy relationship, structure, semantic structure, semantic transparency, etc,14 content respectively. We are mainly based on the corpus, but is not limited to the three syllable words corpus, study three syllable words formation, meaning in modern Chinese comprehensively and systematically, and compare with the double syllable words and four syllable word on the synchronic level, compare with the three syllable words of Tang Wu, Proto-Mandarin Chinese on the history level, hoping to reveal the development characteristics of three syllable words in modern Chinese.The article is divided into six chapters. Chapter one is introduction. Introduce the research object, the reason and significance of the selected topic, status, the theory and methods, and he identification of three syllable words in Modern Chinese. The breakthrough of three syllable words in modern Chinese based on the literature review, the previous studies have words and language is not divided or confusion, the research is fragmented, local, and the lack of research, systematic research, based on the synchronic level, the lack of diachronic perspective. We use the general theory of modern Chinese lexicology, grammar, semantics, theory of "semantic transparency" prosodic structure theory, centripetal structure theory, and categorization, metaphor and metonymy theory in cognitive linguistics, adhere to the combination of quantitative analysis with qualitative analysis, data description and explanation, the combination of static and dynamic, combining synchronic and diachronic principles and methods, strive to be comprehensive, thorough ground in the face of the three syllable words in modern Chinese from a plurality of layers is analyzed. We focused on the three syllable words which the two dictionaries annotate inconsistencies, identify them from the meaning of integrity, structure designation, rhythmic framework of the compound, the pragmatic complex,and so on, finally we reject the composition what we think is the "language".The second chapter is the semantic structure of three syllable words in modern Chinese. We focus on three problems:the composition, structural hierarchical and structural relationship, semantic structure of three syllable words in Modern Chinese. For composition, we discuss it from the angle of simple morpheme and synthetic morpheme, and we discuss the problem of synthetic morpheme; The levels of the structure of three syllable words in modern Chinese with 2+1 type as much, accounted for 7/10 of the strong; The structure relationship of three syllable words in Modern Chinese with partial formal mainly accounted for eight, ten. With the double syllable, four syllable word comparisons, we found that:"partial official" accounted for four tenths of double syllable words, and the three syllable words and four syllable words in the "partial official" has accounted for the most, account for ten eight. The proportion of the top two, the double syllable and four syllable words are partial formal and combined type, three syllable words for partial formal and additional type. The proportion of the top three, double sound words:partial> additional joint; three syllable word for partial> extras> supplement; four syllable word:partial positive> United> subject predicate. The three syllables itself is asymmetric structure, so the combined type structure is difficult to develop. For semantic structure, under the analysis of the theoretical foundation and the classification standard of compound words semantic structure, the semantic structure of the three syllable words were classified, counted and analyzed in detail.The third chapter is the semantic category and clustering of three syllable words in Modern Chinese. The focus of our research is not to build a new lexical semantic classification system, but in the spy on semantic category and the semantic distribution of three syllable words in Modern Chinese, so as to cognitive three syllable words, especially to provide useful help for vocabulary acquisition and teaching Chinese as a foreign language. So we base on Wang Hui’s "modern Chinese semantic dictionary" classification, slightly transform and make a semantic classification system, then we work on the semantic classification and statistical analysis of the noun, verb, adjective. For Meaning accumulation, we mainly count and analyze polystyrene, synonyms and antonyms meaning accumulation in the three syllable words in Modern Chinese.The fourth chapter is semantic transparency of three syllable words in Modern Chinese. We apply the semantic transparency theory which is more applied to the field of psychology, but seldom used in field of Linguistics to the study of three syllable words, in order to grasp the overall situation of semantic transparency of three syllable words in Modern Chinese. We distinguish semantic transparency for dictionary semantic transparency and the public semantic transparency, then we first introduce the theory of semantic transparency, and put forward our criteria, on this basis, we count and analyze quantitatively four different levels of the words which are "completely transparent", " rather transparent", "rather obscure" and "totally obscure" of the three syllable words in Modern Chinese. Secondly, we discuss the influence factors to the dictionary semantic transparency. For the popular semantic transparency, we take the questionnaire survey, and finally analyze the influencing factors of popular semantic transparency.The fifth chapter is the diachronic development of three syllable words. We analyze the causes of three syllable words development from the aspect of social reason, language internal reasons and reason of language users. We make the diachronic comparison of the three syllable words from the part of speech, the levels of the structure, structural relationships and other aspects; finally we introduce the compression of three syllable words in Modern Chinese.The sixth chapter is conclusion. We introduce the paper’s main points and conclusions. The main ideas and conclusions of the article are as follows:1, "synthesis of Morpheme" is evolved from compound words; it has its name’s rationality, also in line with the actual situation of the people creating the word. In the composition of three syllable words in modern Chinese, the three syllable word composed of synthetic morpheme, accounting for three of the total number of 67.30% syllable words. As the number of Chinese four syllable words is not much, so the synthesis of morphemes are mainly used to construct three syllable words. Because the mold of words and expressions and the synthesis of Morpheme "off the shelf, makes the new words they have made are often mass production.2、The most Structure type of three syllable words in modern Chinese is 2+1 type, accounted for 7/10.2+1 type of three words are accounted for such a high proportion, has a great relationship with the prosody structure of Chinese words from left to right: according to the "foot", "double-single type of structure is the legal structure of prosody word, [2+1] type" super foot "can be a word, although there are also [1+2] type ultrasonic step, but the number is far less than [2+1].3 From the structural relationship proportion view of three syllable words in modern Chinese, partial> extras> add> combined type> subject predicate> verb object> half overlap>DE structure> orientation structure. The partial formal accounted for the vast majority, accounted for 85.67% and this is related to the majority of three syllable words are nouns, and hierarchical structure is closely related to 2+1 type. The "partial formal" in double syllable words accounted for only ten four but the " partial formal" in three syllable words and four syllable words has accounted for the majority, accounted for ten eight. The proportion of the top two, double syllable words and four syllable words are partial formal and joint type, three syllable words are partial formal and additional type. The proportion of the top three, double syllable words:partial formal> combined type> additional partial; three syllable words for partial> additional>; four words:partial> combined type> subject predicate. The three syllables is asymmetric structure, combined type is difficult to a large number of development.4 In the most formal of three syllable words, there are 6828, accounting for the three syllable words total number of 81.44%, the semantic structure is most complex, which is related to the "n+n" account for a higher proportion (3269,48.32%) and implicit predicate, metaphorical thinking in the process of naming and other factors, there are 20 "n+n" semantic structure; "v+n", a total of 9; a total of 6 class "a+n". Additional three syllable word has 582,there are 14 types of semantic structure. Add three syllable word is 427, among them, ABB three syllable word has 221, the verb complement type three words of 183, its semantic structure is unknown; the marker class notes there are 23, there are 7 types of semantic structure. In the formal three syllable word has 213, a total of 12 categories of the semantic structure. Add three syllable words have 427 overlapping three syllable word, there are 28, the semantic structure of the most determined to semantic structure "unknown". Combined with three syllable word has 52, there are 11 types of semantic structure. Subject predicate type three words have 38, there are 3 types of semantic structure. VO three syllable word has 36, there are 4 types of semantic structure.5,The semantic category of three syllable words in modern Chinese, " specific things" noun words are accounted for about 4/5 of the weak, and "abstractions" words are only accounted for about 1/5. The three syllable words in modern Chinese are major in nouns, which labeled "specific things" word also accounted for the majority. Semantic categories of verbs which said "the dynamic behavior of the term" are accounted for 6/10; Semantic categories of adjuncts which said "the most" properties "are accounted for 6/10.6, From the aspect of semantic classification, in terms of the number of martyrdom, three syllable words in modern Chinese are major in monism:in 7691 three syllable words, there are 7053 monomer words, accounted for 91.70%; the number of polysemous words are few, there are 638 polysemous words, the proportion is 8.29%. Among them, the polystyrene in two senses of the polysemous words which has two meanings of a polysemous word has 593, accounting for 92.66%; the same part of speech the word meaning between the 570, accounting for 89.06% of the total number of polysemous words. Remove the words in the same part of speech, meaning between the different senses of polysemous words, which belong to different semantic categories accounted for 2/3 of the total number of word polystyrene; polysemous words of three syllable words are mostly two senses. Three syllable synonyms in the corpus of Modern Chinese are about 1414, accounted 16.95% of the total three syllable words, we found that the corresponding word syllable of three syllable synonyms can be broken, but the monosyllabic words and disyllabic synonyms generally syllables corresponding neat; three syllable synonymous with more than half are completely synonymous words need to be regulated; the three syllable synonyms most contain at least one common synonymous morpheme; the vast majority of the three syllable synonyms are words. The three syllable antonym, about 140, accounting 1.67% of the total number of three syllable words, we found most of them are the three syllable of three syllable form, they contain at least one common morpheme, the part of speech is noun, followed by the verb. Because of monomer words of three syllableWords are in the majority, so its semantic network relationship is simply than the semantic network between monosyllabic words and disyllabic words.Most of the three syllable words in modern Chinese dictionary are in "completely transparent "and "rather transparent "of the dictionary semantic transparency, accounting for 88.92%. "Totally obscure "words only count for 2.15%. The word "completely obscure" accounted for only 2.15%. Dictionary semantic transparency is related to many factors:proportion of words whose meaning is transparent in high-frequency words are relative higher; the less meanings, the higher proportion of meaning transparent; proportion of transparent words which consist of two morphemes is higher than words which consist of three morphemes; for hierarchy structure, the proportion of "transparent" word order from high to low is:2+1 type>1+2 type>(1+1)+1 type>1+1+1type>1 type> 1+(1+1)type; for the structure relation, the proportion of the word "transparency" from high to low is: additional>half overlap>added>partial formal>verb object>joint> subject-predicate> other. Semantic structure and semantic transparency has certain relations:in addition to the noun, unknown semantic structure and semantic center not the part of speech represent the semantics of the word meanings commonly relatively obscure; other factors, such as semantic category, parts of speech, morphemes, have some effects of semantic transparency. The public semantic transparency is generally higher than or equal to the dictionary semantic of transparency.8, For diachronic perspective, first of all, from the type of structure relationship, compared with Tang and the Five Dynasties, Proto-Mandarin Chinese has overlapping and combined type; compared with Proto-Mandarin Chinese, modern Chinese has combined type, de structure and orientation structure. Secondly, from the view of structure type proportion which ranked in the top three, the structure type of the Tang and the Five Dynasties and Proto-Mandarin Chinese are the same:partial> extras> verb object type; the proportion of top two in Tang and Five Dynasties, Proto-Mandarin Chinese and modern Chinese are the same:partial> additional; from the beginning of the modern Chinese, object dropped out of the top three, and added type "into" the top three. Again, for total point view of the proportion of the top three, the Tang and the Five Dynasties, Proto-Mandarin Chinese and modern Chinese respectively is:97.80%,88.99% and 97.89%--indicating that the proportion of the top three accounted for the vast majority of the total number. Finally, from the proportion of partial formal which first in the the structural relationship, the Tang and the Five Dynasties, Proto-Mandarin Chinese and modern Chinese are as follows: 66.70%,63.80% and 85.60%--which showed that the tang five dynasties and Proto-Mandarin Chinese whose three syllable words in the proportion of partial formal is roughly, but developed into modern Chinese, partial formal words have accounted for high proportion.The innovation of this paper is mainly in the following four aspects:First, based on the strict distinction between "words" and "language", we make a quantitative statistics and qualitative analysis of syllable words in modern Chinese, reveals it in all aspects of architecture, structure, semantic structure, semantic transparency and other features.Second, the semantic structure of three syllable words in modern Chinese, especially the semantic structure of partial formal of three syllable words are classified in detail, and from the implicit predicate, regional activation, metaphorical naming point of view to explain the complicated reasons for the semantic structure of partial formal in three syllable words.Third, application of the "synthetic morpheme" in the three syllable words in modern Chinese are analyzed in detail; the research of "three syllable word using semantic transparency" theory to modern Chinese, put forward the criterion in detail, the dictionary of semantic transparency words of each step were analyzed.Fourth, the syn-chronic and anachronistic draw the outline of the Chinese three syllable words in part of speech, semantic structure, and types of structure, composition and other aspects of the development process.Limited to the level of our own, there are many shortcomings, mainly reflected in the following aspects:first, our research is based on the establishment of the modern Chinese three tone words corpus "which based on modern Chinese Dictionary" (Fifth Edition) and "standard" (Second Edition), three words in the corpus are representative, but that are not all words in modern Chinese. If we further expand the scope of the qualitative data, some of the problems may be biased, for example, the quasi affix and its word formation; second, combined with the theory and method of the data is not good enough, the chapters of the fusion degree is not high, for example, the application of centripetal structure theory is insufficient, relation, structure and structure relation the synthesis of morpheme semantic and semantic relations and other issues discussed too thin; third, one of the purpose of our study was to serve the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language and the compilation of dictionaries, but with limited time and energy, in this paper, it rarely involves the aspects; fourth, some of the problems with certain subjectivity, for example, for some specific words. In the dictionary of semantic transparency which cascade may vary from person to person; the public semantic transparency survey, people to determine whether a word is a transparency may be restricted by some subjective factors, the subjectivity is inevitable, but how it is approaching the minimum degree, we did not think of and put forward a good solution or circumvention measures. In addition, not related to some specific problems, such as whether the semantic compression effect. These issues need future improvements. |
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