| This paper studies on the central plain governmental management systems in the southwest borderland and the related problems, and their governance during Emperor Hanwu’s building of Qianweijun(135 B.C.) to Xuwensheng abandoned Ningzhou(548 A.D.).This paper thinks the management system in southwest borderland was administrative division management from the western Han dynasty to the southern dynasties.The administrative division system was a reflex of the management system of southwest borderland. So we can research the management system through the administrative division system. Chinese ancient administrative division system was that one dynasty or regime took some measures about administrative division in its domain by its subjective opinions according to the situation of the time for strengthening its powerful control or domain integrity. These measures included that the dynasty established or changed one administrative division’s property, form, name, range, class, function, capital or its leader. These measures’combination in the time constituted administrative division system of some place. Borderlands had regional, nationality and frontier natures, these features were whole but inequality. Established or changed the administrative division system of borderland should consider the situation of the place and the time.The main contents of southwest borderland’s management system was Yizhou Cishibu and Bianjun in Han dynasty. The dynasty established Cishibu because it opened up the borderland. The behavior and idea of Jiuzhou plus borderland influenced the borderland area deeplyJiuzhou plus borderland established the geography basis of borderland governance system. The Establishment and administrative division of southwest borderland were base on Bashu area, it was different form other borderland areas. The name of Yizhou Cishibu stemmed from Yizhoujun in southwest borderland. Yizhou changed its meaning, it reflected the southwest borderland and Bashu area into an overall region. The establishment of Cishibu consolidated the result, that the Jun and Xian in southwest borderland became Han dynasty’s territory. Jun in the southwest borderland was Bianjun during the Han dynasty. Bianjun had three features, namely in borderland, having minority and indirect domination. The combination of Yizhou Cishibu and Bianjun in Han dynasty adapted to the situation in the place and in the time.The establishment of Zhoumu made Cishibu changed to high-level local administration in the late Eastern Han dynasty, so Yizhou Cishibu became Yizhou. Jun in southwest borderland belonged to Yizhou, and Yizhoumu determined its administrative division system instead of the Court during 188 A.D. to 229 A.D.. The southwest borderland formed an individual region named Nanzhong while the unity view changed to the division view. Liubei took some administrative division system measures in Nanzhong. He hoped Jun in Nanzhong could become to Neijun in order to dominate directly. This was the external cause of the turmoil in Nanzhong. The five Jun in Nanzhong area showed different situations, which was the result of the game of the five political forces. This was the internal cause of the turmoil in Nanzhong area. The nature of the turmoil was not only insurgency but also chaos.Laixiang military governor of Shuhan could not administer Jun in Nanzhong area at the beginning.lt developed during three stages, namely supervising minority groups, military function and administrating whole Nanzhong area. After the turmoil in Nanzhong area, Laixiang military governor’s seat was also Jianningjun’s and Weixian’s. Laixiang military governor became a high-level unformed administrative division at that moment. Almost at the same time, there were seven Jun in Nanzhong, this means that Shuhan had established direct dominate system in the area.The Western Jin dynasty established Nanzhong military governor in Nanzhong area to oppose Sunwu. Though Nanzhong military governor was a high-level unformed administrative division, but it established temporarily. After it, the Western Jin dynasty established Ningzhou for the first time. This measure was taken in order to abolish the Nanzhong military governor system, rather than to deal with Sunwu. Ningzhou was abolished in 284 A.D. because it had finished its missions. Jin dynasty abolished Ningzhou and incorporated the area into Yizhou and established Nanyi general in Nanzhong area. Those measures were a whole adjustment of management system. Nanyi general was a high-level unformed administrative division with military function. Nanyi general and Yizhou made Nanzhong formed an army-politics united system. The system had institutional defects, so made powerful families and minority leaders in Nanzhong opposed Jin dynasty.Those institutional defects were the main reason of Mao-Li turmoil. Some local officials did evil were the direct cause of the turmoil. The Mao-Li turmoil had three different periods, namely powerful families uprising,relatives revolt and suppressing turmoil. After the turmoil,Jin dynasty established Ningzhou again, built the direct dominate system in Nanzhong area in 303 A.D..In early Eastern Jin dynasty, Wangxun dominated Ningzhou violently than before. Nanyi general and Ninzhou Cishi were occupied by one person. Wangxun made the number of Jun from 8 to 14 to build the authority and to weaken the local forces. In late Eastern Jin dynasty and the Southern dynasties periods, the administrative division formation in Ningzhou kept formal. The nature of administrative division of Ningzhou was direct rule or entrusted rule alternately in that periods. This paper thinks that entrusted rule was the administrative division system and official system which established by the dynasties, when the Court can not send central official to the area, they appointed local official represented the Court to dominate the area. The entrusted rule was a kind of direct rule essentially, but it had the effects like indirect rule. The target of entrusted rule was to keep the area in the dynasty’s territory. |
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