| This paper researches on mono-syllable tone and tone sandhi of multiple speakers of Chongqing dialect by the method of experimental phonetics. There are six chapters, and the main contents are as follows:The first chapter introduces the research status of the tones of Chongqing dialect, and points out the achievements and shortcomings of the previous researches. At the same time, explains the research purposes, the research methods and main contents of this paper. Finally introduces the experimental preparation and procedures in detail, and also discusses the determination of tone bearing segments.The second chapter is on the statistics and analysis of the acoustic features such as the fundamental frequency and duration of yinping and yangping tone, shangsheng and qusheng tone of Chongqing dialect. There are flat arch and rising arch in yinping tones, even a rising flat arch as a transition. Yinping tone is a straight down arch; shangsheng tone also has two kinds of arches, variant bending down arch and convex drop arch. There are also two arches in qusheng tone, rising arch and concave arch. The ranges of fundamental frequency are relative with the tone arches, and the ranges of fundamental frequency of males are smaller than females. In the aspect of duration, there are interpersonal differences in mono-syllable tone, but there aren’t significant differences in gender.The third chapter and the fourth chapter are on the statistics and analysis of the fundamental frequency and duration of Chongqing dialect. Yinping as the first word is a rising arch, and as the last word is mainly a flat arch. Yangping as the first word is a flat arch, and as the last word is mainly a straight down arch. Shangsheng as the first word is a rising arch or a flat arch, and as the last word is a bending down arch. Qusheng as the first word is a rising arch, and as the last word is a down arch. The ranges of fundamental frequency of females are larger than males. There are significant differences between the tones of the first words and mono-syllable tone in the ranges of fundamental frequency, but there aren’t between the tones of the last words and mono-syllable tone. The durations of the tone of the last words are longer than the first words, and the durations of mono-syllable tone are all longer than the tones of the first words and the last words. The durations of females are longer than males.The fifth chapter is the comprehensive analysis on the acoustic features of the mono-syllable tone and tone sandhi of Chongqing dialect. Two types, three kinds of tone form patterns are found in the tone system of mono-syllable tone, and the experimental values are summarized. Type I in the first category are 45, 31, 341 and 213, while the other are 45,31, 341 and 24. Type II are 55, 41, 551 and 324.In the tone form pattern of tone sandhi, there are a variety of tone chages in the experiment, which is different from the traditional understanding that there is not tone change. Firstly, the tones of the first words all changes from yangping to low-level 22, different from the straight falling to tone 31 of mono-syllable tone. Secondly, the tones of the first words changes from shangsheng to tone 33 or 34, which is also different from 551 or 341 of mono-syllable tone. Thirdly, the qusheng tones of the first words are almost 213/214, whereas the qusheng tones of the last words are 21/212.The relationships among duration, tone and arch are very close in mono-syllable tone. However, they haven’t significant relationships with gender. The duration of main concave arched qusheng tone is the longest, bending down or convex arched Shangsheng tone is the second, and yinping is the shortest as high-level rising or high-level flat, yangping as straight down arch is the second. The relationship between duration and arch is very close equally in tone sandhi.The duration of mono-syllable tone is longer than that of sandhi from the same types of tones. Whether it is mono-syllable tone or tone sandhi, the duration of female is a little longer than males, but the test results indicate that there are not gender differences in statistics in the durations of the tones of Chongqing dialect.The sixth chapter tries to explore some special tones of Chongqing dialect such as creaky voice, falsetto or fortis and pure low tone, and also tries to discuss the evolution of tone form pattern. Creaky voice appears mainly in qusheng tone, and there is a close relationship between this phenomenon and the vowel height and gender. However, it does not have the function of distinguishing different tones, but exists as a accompanying characteristic. Falsetto or fortis appears in high-level rising yinping tones, and it can not be used as a necessary distinguishing feature, but through this feature it still can be distinguished from other tones. From the evolution of the tone form pattern of Chongqing dialect, high-level rising tone is the develop direction of yinping tone, and falsetto or fortis is likely to develop into a distinctive feature. Qusheng tone not yangping tone has the basic features of pure-low tone in Chongqing dialect. The internal mechanism of the evolution of tone form pattern is the differentiation of the tone value. The connection and voice logic are also important factors in the evolution of tone form pattern. |
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