The Research On The History Of Ideological And Political Education Of The Chinese Communist Party During The Early Stage Of All-round Socialist Construction

The history is fixed, but the thinking to the history is changing with the time, therefore, the best and authoritative comment on the history is based on the facts of the development of the history. The year from 1956 to 1966 was not only the ten years of constructing the socialism across-the-board, but also the most important transition of the ideological education of CCP (Chinese Communist Party). In this period, in the first seven years, the CCP’s education of the ideology aimed at consolidating the new people’s regime and promoting the nation’s economic construction. Then, the task education of CCP’s ideology changed to serve the comprehensive and extensive socialistic construction.As for the education of CCP’s ideology, it is not only the beginning of developing the education of the socialistic ideology across-the-board, which places the important role in the field of dealing with the people’s internal contradiction and constructing the socialism with mobilizing all active factors. At the same time, the theory of it formed step by step in the practice of serving the construction in all fields, and established the academic system of the education of socialistic ideology on the whole, which was adapted to the constructing the socialism entirely and promoted the development of the economy, politics and culture hugely. Taking one with another, in the period of beginning the constructing socialism entirely, the achievement of the works of the ideology was great, its battle effectiveness was very strong and made great contribution on every central works of CCP.Surely, in this period, the works of CCP committed the grave left-leaning errors on the leading guideline because it was short of the constructing experience and the position inner and outer our country was very complex. Therefore, the works of the education of CCP’s ideology went through the twist process of development. The works of the education of the ideology committed some misplays in some field because the left-leaning errors on the leading thoughts. Therefore, in this period the basic features of the works of the education of CCP’s ideology were these:the symbiosis of the experience and lessons, the intersection of the development and frustration and the coexisting of the correct and warp of the education of ideology.The theories and methods of the education of socialistic ideology were established initially. The time before the Rectification Movement (1955-1957) was the period of the theories establishing of the education of CCP’s ideology. In this period, CCP not only established the status of the ideological education in the socialistic construction, solved the problem of the springboard of the education under socialism, but also built the base of the theories and methods of the education, which offered the scientific guides for developing the education correctly, then provided the spiritual supports for the projects of the socialist construction, which promoted the development of the projects of the socialist construction. At the same time, the CCP, exerting the advantages of the works of its ideological, strengthened the practice of the ideological education to make the peasants, intellects and democratic capitalist businessmen adapt to the new position of the socialistic comprehensive construction education, which mobilized the people’s enthusiasm to construct he socialism hugely and promoted the construction to gain the great achievements.Before and after 1957, CCP carried out the Rectification Movement as the theme of correctly dealing with internal contradictions among people and socialist education campaign. In the movement of open-door rectification, a few of rightist attacked the leadership of party and socialist system rampantly. CCP counterattacked promptly and mobilized anti-rightist movement. Under the influence of anti-rightist movement, the theme of rectification movement reversed, started by correctly handle the contradictions among the people to struggle against the enemy and inner party rectification to counter rightists. The anti-rightist movement was profound, the party began to change the judgment about society’s principal contradiction and class struggle, especially changed the right judgment about society’s principal contradiction which decided by the 8th National Congress of CCP. It advocated the struggle of the two classes and the two roads were the principal contradiction in our society. Thus, the "left" ideology began to rise. The party carried out the rectification movement and socialist education campaign to all people whose center was the struggle of the two classes and the two roads after the anti-rightist movement. The rectification and socialist education movement was necessary. In generally, it was healthy and well as a whole. Through the movement, it clarified the major issues of principle in a series of fundamental problems and stabilized the new socialist system and order. It deserved to affirm the anti-rightist movement and socialist education, but at the same time we have to admit that because the party estimated class struggle situation too seriously and confused the two different conflicts, enlarging the scope of class struggle thus made the left-tend mistakes. In the anti-rightist campaign, lots of people’s internal contradictions and conflicts were regarded as contradictions between ourselves and the enemy. So it caused by the misfortune consequences, it left a profound lesson in the party’s ideological and political working experience."The Great Leap Forward" and the Movement to Establish People’s Communes were the efforts of CCP to try to explore a new situation of the construction of Chinese. It tried to change our poor as soon as possible, which reflected the common aspiration of the Chinese people and for the good of society. However, because we were anxious for success, CCP made a mistake, including transcending social development stage, confusing "two adequate terms", blinding to pursuit of high speed, more "left" in class struggle problems, which lead to the economic construction in serious difficulties. Centre on the Great Leap Forward and the People’s Commune Movement CCP made a lot f work, therefore ideological and political education achieved good results.At the same time, the movement made serious errors about "left" which not only caused the left errors flooding and serious deviation in the ideological and political education fields but also caused the "communist whim", "tendency toward boasting and exaggeration", "order whim" and "specialized whim" in the party. It left profound historical lessons as follows: Firstly, it wrongly took the two classes struggle as the main content about the way of ideological and political education, unilaterally emphasizing politics; the ideological and political education only served for political movement service, it took "the air one’s views freely, write big-character posters and hold great debates" as the new forms of construction socialist countries which used to solve the contradiction between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, the road to socialism and capitalism and the way to solve the problem of different speed in economic construction. Secondly, under the dominant idea in class conflict was anxious for success, working methods to simplification and formalism serious; the movement ignored the ideological and political education in detail and used the war of the mass movement method inadequately, it took "the air one’s views freely, write big-character posters and hold great debates" as the main method and means in ideological and political education which replaced the democratic principles in ideological and political education. Thirdly, the movement confused "two adequate terms" and caused the "five whim" prevalently. Fourthly, the movement was to violate the party’s ideological and political education tradition and exaggerated subjectivity and the function of spirit and advanced not appropriate height, the movement ignored the objective conditions which made the ideological and political education divorced from the realities. Thus, the movement immersed the subjectivism, idealism and voluntarism, which caused the people thought great confusion.The serious consequences of "The Great Leap Forward" movement caused to the most serious economic difficulties since the founding.In the face of the severe economic difficulties, in order to confront the economic difficulties, the party started to adjust the national economic by the numbers and go to correct the "left" errors for one part; for the other part, to strengthen ideological and political education as confronting a serious difficulties and achieving import part of the national economic adjustment, to advocate the fine tradition and style of work of seeking truth from facts and the trend of researching. In order to go tide over the difficulties, the party began to carry out the spirit education which include heroism, collectivism and arduous struggle basing on the whole party and the people. Through the powerful ideological and political education, to improve the national people’s confidence and determination to overcome difficulties, China beaten the unprecedented difficulties and passed the most difficult economic situation since its establishment and the national economy gradually were strengthened. After the 10th of CCP’s 8th, the difference of situation analysis, economic policy and guidance of work gradually developed in the inner party. In the process of socialist construction, the party took new twists, formed the political line which took class struggle for the outline. Therefore, the party carried out the socialist education, and the main content was "Four Clean-ups". The "Four Clean-ups" movement played the positive role to improve the work style of cadres and management. But the "Four Clean-ups" movement was under the "left" errors guideline, under the guidance of class struggle for the outline, the class struggle which exists in socialist society was magnified and thought in absolute terms. It took the two classes and two roads as the main contradictions in our society. Under the guidance of class struggle for the outline, it took the cadre of ideological understanding, style of work and life style as pan-politicalization, it was thought that this was the class struggle or the reflection of class struggle in the party, it made grassroots cadre at the basic level and the masses stroked should not be received.Under the guidance of the leftist theoretical which was separated from the facts, the party’s ideological education departed from the correct direction and gradually stepped into "the taking the class struggle as outline", which made same mistakes and left lessons about the party’s ideological education. Firstly, ideological education must scientifically understand and treat problems of class struggle which exist in socialism, that’s to say, we neither confused two different types of contradiction, nor take the class struggle for the outline. Secondly, socialist ideological education should adhere to the principle of positive guidance and self-education, and we should avoid mass "political movement", neither more "mobilized mass". Thirdly, we should avoid exaggerating the function of spirits and not violate the principle of ideological education which the material rewards and moral encouragements should be combined. Fourthly, ideological education should avoid formalism which will vulgarize the socialist ideological education.