A Study On Corruption In Real Estate

For urbanization is the necessary path to achieve the moderation, its process was chosen as the key indicator to show the level of modernization. As one of the pillar industry of country, Real estate plays a strong roll in accelerating urbanization. In the meanwhile, the real estate has evolved into a highly profitable industry. A number of corruption cases occurred and take a serious threat to the health of china’s economic structure transformation, also baffle the plan to build a honest and clean government and the sustainable development of society. The central government has constituted many normative policies and carried out specific work to prevent the corruption, but with low efficiency. So it is meaningful in both theoretical and practical to carry out research on the corruption in the field of real estate, in order to hence the credibility of government and to make the social-economic development on a health way.In this study, methods of the normative analysis, case analysis, game theory and multiple linear regression models have been used, corruption in the field of real estate were analysis through macro and micro characteristics, distribution regularity, behavior logic of the stakeholders and influencing mechanism. Based on the analysis, some policy suggestion were present to curb the corruption.The conclusions of this study are as follows:(1) The corruption in the field of real estate field refers to the behavior of public officials who abusing public power to seek private interests in the process of real estate development, transactions and management. The characteristics of corruption in the field of real estate have a significant accumulation effect, fall over for scarce resources, abnormal high income and the like. The characteristics are mainly reflected in alteration of land property right,housing construction and transactions, while the former includes the acquisition, the changes,the disposal of land use rights, and the like; the latter includes the bidding of construction project, the financing of construction projects, project planning approval and change, project construction, supervision and acceptance, project settlement and disbursement, constructer and sale of affordable housing, and the like. The corrupt behaviors in different procedure are different.(2) According to the statistical analysis on corruption in real estate, the number of corruption cases in the field of real estate is increasing year by year, the incubation period is generally longer, the amounts of money involved is generally high and have a large gap in different cases. From the rank of government officials, the distribution from township deputy section chief level to deputy national has a normal distribution, and those who belong to the county level heads have corrupted most seriously; From the job field, ministry of land and resources, ministry of housing and urban-rural development, the chief and deputy chief of the party and government organization are the top three serious area; only a few of cases are single accusation, most cases are combined accusation. In the meanwhile, the study found that the correlation between the amount of money involved and the term of penalty is significant, while the correlation between the amount of money involved and the incubation period, the amount of money involved and the rank of officials while has been disclosed, the incubation period and the rank of officials while has been disclosed are not significant. In some extent, these correlations above indicate that the senior officials can implement the duty impartially and credibly, and the judiciary can also show an equal attitude while they deal with the corruption cases in the field of real estate.(3) By using evolutionary game model, researcher found that government officials in the process of the real estate development management have smaller rent-seeking incentives if the value of political achievements higher; the government officials would come down on more if the market environment is poor; the incomplete real estate development management system can’t provide the incentive and restraint mechanisms to avoid the collusion of government officials and the real estate developers. Through classical game theory model, it is also found that the bigger cost gap between strong supervision and week supervision, the greater probability the developer and local government officers choose to corruption. The more severe of punishment on corruption, the smaller the possibility of developer choose to bribery and the smaller the possibility of corruption of government officials; the greater the investment of rent-seeking, the greater the likelihood of the supervisor choosing a strong supervise; the more the local government get from financial budget and the greater the intensity of punishment would be lay on the corruption, while the possibility of choosing a strong intendance is smaller.(4) By using multiple linear regression models, researcher found that the moral level, family background and home environment of public officers, the inner factors of people in the action of corruption and relationship culture have a significant positively correlated relation with the behavior of corruption in the field of real estate. While the numbers of system that use to restrict the powers and corruption have a negative correlated, the greater number doesn’t mean the more prefect system, also cannot directly lead to the less corruption. The higher moral level, the better family background and home environment, the more concerns about the result of corruption and the less involved in the relationship culture, would lead to less corruption in real estate. The restricting intensity of public power during real estate development management, the openness of government information, the degree of public participation, the industrial structure of real estate, the gender and job satisfaction (remuneration packages) of public officers and other factors have less impact on the occurrences of corruption than the factors mentioned before.(5) The corruption governance system should be improved in executor and content of governance. On the governance executor, many measures should be put forward:make the judicial governance more strictly; upgrade the administrative governance mechanism and gradually improve the management standardization and vitrification; impulse the supervision function of National People’s Congress and other participating politics departments; strengthen the internal incentive and constraint efficiency of ministry of land and resources, ministry of housing and urban-rural development, and the like; explore and establish the new interaction model of officials and the public on account of the network, and fully exert the positive effects of public network supervision. The core of corruption governance in real estate refers to the construction of inner ecosystem of honest and clean government culture. The relationship culture, the inner factors of people in the action of corruption, the moral level, the family background and home environment of public officers should be guided through the construction of honest and clean government culture in spiritual level; the management system in real estate development and power restricting system should be consummated through the construction of honest and clean government culture in standard level; the construction of honest and clean government culture in material level is the necessary linking way of inner and outer ecosystem of honest and clean government culture.the proportion of the three elements within inner ecosystem of honest and clean government culture should be configured appropriately, which need a steady power exchange with the outer ecosystem, so as to maintain the dynamic balance of the ecosystem of honest and clean government culture.the dynamic equilibrium point of ecosystem could be measured by comprehensive evaluation model of ecological carrying capacity of honest and clean government culture.