In The Process Of The Reform And Opening Up Of China's National Autonomy Research

In the historical process of reform and opening up, reform and opening up have ledto the transformation of Chinese society. In the process of social transformation inChina, on the one hand, the state plays a strong leading role to promote economic andsocial development; On the other hand, the state exists to some extent thephenomenon of “failure” hampering economic and social development. Sometimeslocal governments cannot detach themselves from all social classes and interestgroups in pursuit of public interest on making and implementing policies, but havebeen captured by powerful interest groups of society, only pursuing and defendingtheir interests, so that legal interests of other sectors of society and vulnerable groupshave been damaged, showing some signs of “captive state”. some governmentalorganizations of areas and departments only pursuit and preserve their own interests,so that the sector power is being privatized, the sectors only pursue self-interests, theself-interests are entitled to legal positions, ignoring and even violating interests ofthe majority of society, showing some signs of "predatory state". Analyzing thecauses of “state failure”, it can be found that there are problems in value orientationand behavior of state itself, and that state deviates itself from pursuing and preservingof public interests. That is to say, there are problems in state autonomy.State autonomy theory originates from Marx and Engels’ theory of state. For Marxand Engels, state autonomy is determined by the internal contradictions of state, andit is a kind of objective reality. State autonomy theory is formed on the basis ofOrganizing and mining the Marx and Engels’s thinking of the state relativeindependence. At the same time, it is developed on the basis of analyzing the newphenomenon of state development. After World War II capitalism has entered aperiod of peaceful development, and the developed capitalist countries promote thegeneral welfare, the mixed economy and class collaboration policy, so that therelationship between state and society has gone from the period of tension to therelative ease. State autonomy theory reflects the new features of state development inthe process. It should be noted that the state possesses the nature of the class rule, butis not the simple tool of class rule and exists a certain degree of autonomy. From therelationship between the superstructure and the economic base, between the state andthe ruling class, between the bureaucracy and the society，New Marxism, the schoolof “Bring the state back in”, and New nationalism respectively analyze stateautonomy, its inevitability, its necessity and its limits of existence in differentresearch paradigm. There is no doubt of important theoretical significance inrecognizing state phenomenon.In the process of social transformation in China the issues of state autonomyshould be paid more attention. The People’s Republic of China is the socialist state inwhich democracy is entitled to the people and dictatorship is taken on the enemy, andthe owner of the state power and the working people are the same subject, so thereare many different issues in forms of state autonomy with the state of exploitingclasses. However, China is a developing state and lack of systematic construction of the modern state institutions, whose governance capacities have not yet met therequirements of social development. China is still in the primary stage of socialism,implement market economy, stratum differentiates and modern stratum structure isstill developing, so conflicts of interests will exist for a long time, and there occurredboth insufficiencies and excesses of state autonomy. Therefore, this paper takes onthe study of the historical political science to conduct an overall study on Chinesestate autonomy from the point of view of historical institutionalism, in order that wereveal the reason of formation and its evolution trend and point out the direction ofthe future construction, which is of great practical significance.Chinese state autonomy of decentralization of power and transference of profitsperiod, referred to the Chinese state autonomy during1978-1992. In this historicalperiod state autonomy behaviors focused on rural reform, making decentralization ofpower from the central government to local governments, implementing transferenceof profits from the state to the society. The historical environment of state autonomywas that the state opened to the outside world from self-enclosed state and thedomestic economy was being the brink of collapse. The adjustment of state autonomyinstitutional structure focused on the separation of party and government. Thesituation of social autonomous forces is that grassroots self-governing organizationsappeared and recovered, and NGO’s were created and growed. State autonomybehaviors occurred in the interaction of the above three factors, whose specificperformances were that the party and government leadership developed andimplemented a series of public policies of decentralization of power and transferenceof profits, and made the ideological construction that was "Practice is the solecriterion for testing truth". In this historical period, the Chinese state autonomydevoted from the absolute autonomy to the relative autonomy. The state self-interestsand the interests of society as a whole achieved a win-win situation, the interests ofall groups in society were being divided, but the conflicts of interests were in the ease.So the Chinese Communist Party regained its political legitimacy.Chinese state autonomy of constructing market economic system period, referredto the Chinese state autonomy during the1992-2002. In this historical period, stateautonomy behaviors focused on establishing the socialist market economic system.The historic environment of state autonomy was that the Soviet Union collapsed, therapid changes took place in Eastern Europe, the socialist movement was being lowebb, and the deep-seated contradictions were highlighted in the domestic economicreform. The adjustment of state autonomy institutional structure focused onstrengthened the Communist Party’s own organizational and institutionaldevelopment. The situation of social autonomous forces was that grassrootsself-governing organizations and NGO’s developed. State autonomy behaviorsoccurred in the interaction of the above three factors, whose specific performanceswere that the party and government leadership developed and implemented the publicpolicies which centered on the constructing the socialist market economic system,and made the ideological construction of "market-oriented and growth consensus". Inthis historical period, it was more obvious that the state autonomy were insufficient.The state had significantly strengthened self-interests, but neglected the interests of society as whole, and serious interest conflicts occurred among the social groups. Sothe political legitimacy of the Communist Party of China faced serious challenges.Chinese state autonomy of strengthening social construction period referred to theChinese state autonomy since2002. In this historical period, state autonomy focusedtaking measures actively to amend the new two-track system which the state-ownedcapital and public power automatically combined to form, and strengthening socialconstruction. The historic environment of state autonomy was that economicdevelopment faced fierce international competition, the perimeter security situationwas being increasingly serious, and the contradiction of reform, development andstability were further highlighted in domestic reforms. The adjustment of stateautonomy institutional structure focused on exploring the political development roadof socialism with Chinese own characteristics. The situation of social autonomousforces was that grassroots self-governing organizations improved and NGO’s werebeing active. State autonomy behaviors occurred in the interaction of the above threefactors, whose specific performances were that the party and government leadershipdeveloped and implemented a series of public policies of building harmonious society,and made the ideological construction of "scientific development" and "harmonioussociety". In this historical period, the Chinese state autonomy have devoted fromexcessive state to the normal state. The country’s excessive self-interest orientationhave begun to be corrected, the pursuit and maintenance of the interests of society asa whole has been strengthened, the conflicts of interests between the various groupsof society have been eased. So the political legitimacy of the Communist Party ofChina has faced serious challenges on the one hand, and been re-enhanced on theother hand.Chinese state autonomy occurs in the interaction of three factors which are thehistorical situation of the state, the institutional structure of the state power and thedevelopment of social autonomous forces, and is generated specifically in the processof formulation and implementation of public policy. Overall, the Chinese stateautonomy has led to public interests clearly and been towards balance andcoordination increasingly. We should focus on the construction of the modern stateinstitutions, establish a kind of “fundamental state autonomy” that are under the legalframework based on democracy, and enhance the performance of state governance toensure state autonomy being the normal state of pursuing the public interests. Bydoing this the insufficiencies and excesses of state autonomy can be avoided so as toensure the smooth progress of the reform and opening up and success of socialtransformation.