| National tradition sport is generally referred to some traditional folk sports and entertainment events which are as the predecessor of the modern sport. China national traditional sports include the Han ethnic traditional sports and minority traditional sports. Under the background of national advocacy to promote and heritage the national culture, developing national traditional sports becomes a key part of the construction of a sports power. However, compared with other disciplines, there is great disparity in the aspects of curriculum, personnel training, scientific research base, and environmental construction, etc. Therefore, there is important theoretical and practical value to systematically review and explore the development and evolution of China National tradition sports in schools of Modern times nearly a hundred-year course; to comprehend and cognize the intrinsic link between national tradition sports and politics, culture, economy, education, etc.; to further refine the experience and inspiration and promote the physical and mental health of students, enhance the international influence and competitiveness of national tradition sports culture.In this paper, methods of literature, historical research and comparative research were used to systematically study the evolvement of national tradition sports in primary and secondary schools. Except the "Introduction" and "Conclusion", the main body of the paper consists of three chapters and nine parts. The main conclusions were as follows:1. National tradition sports of late Qing Dynasty in school education school education (1840-1911). In the late Qing Dynasty, accompanied by the spread of Army National Education thought in our country, military style gymnastics has become the main content of school gymnastics, which completely changed the Confucian education thought that valuing literary talent above martial arts. In June,1911,"Ding Jun national education case" promulgated and implemented, under the support of the government, the boxing affiliated the campus which had a fundamental effect on the development of national tradition sports in school education. However, the national tradition sports in school education was influenced by the education thoughts of military physical in the late Qing Dynasty, the development of the national tradition sports in school was presented the characteristic of stagnation, no fixed content, and ignoring by the government.2. National tradition sports of early Republic in school education (1912-1926). National tradition sports (martial arts) of early Republic broke the overall western transplant education of the late Qing Dynasty and began the preliminary process to explore the new education model that meet with the Chinese characteristics. With the promulgation of "playing the charter school","schooling Saigon" and other academic structure, great changes had occurred on the curriculum content of the school sports, from single gymnastics of soldier-pattern to main athletics, games, ball sports, martial arts and many other patterns."To advocate Chinese old martial arts as school required courses" was approved in the first session of the national education association,this proposal decided to teach old martial arts."To increase learning martial arts in the middle school" was approved in National Conference of Presidents in1918.Middle School martial arts were decided as a compulsory content of school education Since then, national tradition sport in school education was gradually promoted and exhibited features of improvement in the quality of teachers and the appearance of the textbooks of national sports.3. National tradition sports of late Republic in school education (1927-1949). Under impact of the thoughts of natural sports, the curriculum content of school physical education of late Republic changed and add the natural activity. From1929to1940, physical education curriculum standard had been amended four times, martial arts and other tradition sports became the compulsory prescribed by the standards, children martial arts competition had cut to figure. However, national tradition sports of late Republic in school education, martial arts teacher training tends to be standardized, and an authoritative textbooks of national sport were compiled, although the state issued plenty of related laws and regulations documents that support the implement of martial arts in school, actual situation of school was not be desired.4. National tradition sports of the socialist reformation period in school education (1949-1957). The early days of new China, the relationship between China and Soviet Union were close, therefore, the education of China mainly learned from and drew on the experience of the educational theory and practical experience of Soviet Union. Ministry of Education promulgated the guiding ideology, teaching objectives, teaching content, teaching organization, and teaching methods of physical education syllabus that embodied the teaching mode and teaching philosophy of Soviet Union. However, under the guidance of one-sided thinking of physical education, combined with our less understanding of the national sports culture, resulting in the national tradition sports of socialist reformation period in school education took the Soviet Union as a template which further excluded our outstanding national sport (martial arts) from primary and secondary education completely, and induced the phenomenon that formation of national tradition sports deficiency in school education.5. National tradition sports of Great Leap Forward period in school education (1958-1965). National tradition sports gradually recovered in Great Leap Forward."School sports outline" enacted in1961stipulated the martial arts as a compulsory content of primary and secondary schools, and the outline also made the specific provisions of all grades and class in content and the academic hour, and martial arts routine was the main teaching content. National tradition sports of the period had some problems, such as less teaching hours, lack of professional martial arts teachers, teachers who have no interest in martial arts teaching,which resulted in the martial arts actual teaching can not reach and the requirements of the outline.6. National Tradition Sports of the Cultural Revolution in School Education (1966-1976). School sports education of the period was seriously affected by the "leftist" ideology and caused the situation of "replace physical education with labor" and "replace physical education with military training". The nature of school sports has changed and physical education was almost absent. Although the martial arts appeared in school textbooks, it was rarely carried out in the actual teaching. At the same time, organization of national sports events basically were not held during this period. The revolution led to great damage toward national school sports and caused national tradition sports in a state of stagnation, twisted and backwards.7. National tradition sports of bring order out of chaos in school education of (1977-1984). The third Plenary Session of the Party established the ideological line of "emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts" and the work of school sports began to restore. The curricula in sports of primary and secondary school promulgated in1978still provided the martial arts as the basic content, but the content changed a lot. The main education content of primary and secondary schools were routines and basic skills-based, high school was offensive and defensive martial arts, changing the based teaching course of routines. Especially, national tradition sports of school education, in addition to develop the martial arts projects, but also pay attention to the development and mining projects of other national sports to introduce to the classroom, such as took the lift stone bear, stone lock, tug of war, wrestling and shuttlecock, etc., as the selected materials, and further increased the proportion of local sports programs of the national tradition sports.8. National tradition sports of the rapid development period of reform and opening up in school education (1985-present). After1985, China’s politics, economy, culture and education entered in the high-speed development period, During this period a total of three curriculum reform, Especially,the eighth curriculum reform proposed three curriculum management of national, local, school which enhance the flexibility and adaptability of curriculum. Under the background of carrying forward the traditional culture in the country, each nation’s outstanding tradition of sports began to enter the classroom and become the student favorite sports. Especially for "the perfect Chinese excellent traditional culture education guidelines"was issued by the ministry of education,it put forward that integrated planning, hierarchical design,organically connection, systematically implementation and increase the content proportion in the curriculum.In the rapid period of development reform and opening up, national traditional sports such as martial arts became subject matter of the construction of harmonious campus culture which carried the outstanding Chinese culture and met the students’ dual demands of fitness and mental culture.Throughout the development of traditional national sport in schools for nearly a hundred years of history, showing an alternative development situations of forward and stagnation, peaks and valleys, immature and mature. Pectination of the school education of national traditional sports history and combine the successful experiences of developing national traditional sports abroad, we can conclude the enlightenments that focus on the cultural connotation of national tradition physical education and enhance cultural soft power; to carry forward the tradition sports culture as the subject of education and promote the national pride; to focus on the school inheritance and highlighted the educational value of cultural education; to promote innovation and development of national tradition sports culture by education; to take heritage tradition sports culture as one of the school physical education mission; to dig education resources of national tradition sports and increased the rich and diverse sports culture; implementation of the "trinity" development model, to create a good development environment for national tradition sports; national tradition sports rich the curriculum content and meet the diverse needs of students; to enhance school sports and cultural characteristics of education and cultivate students’ the perfect personality;to reinforce teaching material construction of national tradition sports and form a scientific and systematic content system; to promote the implementation of national tradition sports education with high quality teachers. |
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