| It’s the era of knowledge economy now, and knowledge innovation has become the basic motivation and key factor to promote national innovation capacity and sustainable development. Gradually, knowledge and talents are playing an important role in the sustainable development of national economy. At the same time, development competition between nations increasingly depends on the production, diffusion and application of knowledge and technology as well as personnel training and introduction, universities play an increasingly important role in the national innovation system; the development competition of nations and regions is increasingly dependent on the development of high-level universities. Chinese economy has made great achievements after a long period of rapid development. However, the driving force of development relies on factor-driving. In the current of "New Normal" economy slowdown, we need to develop knowledge and technological innovation forcefully and promote the upward transformation of the economic growth mode.The United States has built up a well-established national innovation system, with advanced higher education system and federal-funded R&D institutions system. A benign form of exchanging and cooperating mechanism between universities, enterprises and scientific research units has established. Research universities increasingly become the core of the development of American knowledge innovation system. The study is based on National Philosophy and Social Science Major Research project "Research on the deep integration of scientific research and higher education in the knowledge innovation system". Through the research of American university knowledge innovation system, this article provides reference for developing Chinese science and knowledge innovation system.On the basis of the review of literature on knowledge innovation system at home and abroad, the status and role of universities and the collaborative relations between universities and other research institutions in the American knowledge innovation system is expounded. By taking the state (51 in total) as research unit, the development process, trend and the spatial pattern of American university knowledge innovation system is analyzed. First of all, this article analyzes the developing trend and its status in the international arena of American university knowledge innovation system. The United States has established and developed a Multi-level and diversified higher education system, and it has the most world-class universities. American gross expenditure of R&D (GERD) keeps increasing and is ahead of the rest of the world. The numbers of published SCI&SSC1 papers, PCT patent, awarded doctoral degrees of American universities also continue growing and remain the world leader. Then the developing trend and spatial pattern of American higher education resources, input and output of American university knowledge innovation were analyzed quantitatively, finding out that the amount of these indicators are growing steadily. There is a big difference in the spatial pattern of regions, concentrating on the northeastern and the Great Lakes area, California and Texas, while in terms of pattern evolution, the regional differences were slowly narrowing. Furthermore, the article analyzed the spatial pattern of research institutes affiliated to American universities. The results showed that the institutions had an important role among American research institutes on regional knowledge innovation and postgraduate training. Finally, the integrating relationship between the research and teaching of American high-level research universities was measured and classified. By regression analysis, university research has a role in promoting personnel training Teachers are the most important factors to promote the integration of teaching and scientific research. To enhance the quality of teachers through researching and then disseminating the latest scientific knowledge to students is an important way to achieve integration of the development of teaching and scientific research.Based on the current development analysis of American university knowledge innovation system, the evaluation index system was established to measure the American university knowledge innovation system. The spatial evolution patterns, spatial difference and its causes of the American university knowledge innovation ability is analyzed. The study found that American knowledge innovation ability continued to improve from year 2000 to 2010, which is mainly embodied as continuous optimization of innovation environment, steady growth and the increase of knowledge innovation input and output. From a regional perspective, the high-level stage of American university knowledge innovation mainly located in coastal (lake) areas, including the Pacific Rim, the Atlantic coast, the Great Lakes region and the Gulf of Mexico area. The overall spatial difference of American university knowledge innovation mainly depends on the influence of internal differences of the nine regions. The disproportion of population pressure and talent pool, regional economy and population quality is the major contributor for the differences.Spatial econometric models were used to test the spillover effect of universities to the American regional knowledge innovation. The results show that there are two ways where universities mainly affect the development of the regional knowledge innovation system:one is taking direct participation in scientific research; the other is improving the innovative environment by personnel training and knowledge spillovers. The spillover effect of university to regional innovation output has spatial non-stationarity; the regional difference of the spillover effect at the state level is great. The spatial pattern of the spillover effect shows that the Eastern area of America especially Northeastern area of America is more significant than that in the Midwest area of America. The universities located in the Midwest and western plateau and mountain areas of America have less spillover effect on the regional knowledge innovation outputs. The use of spatial econometric model achieved a better imitative effect than the traditional multiple linear regression models, and it can also reflect the effect of geospatial factors to the regression model. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) model have better statistical properties than the spatial lag model and least squares model. As Spatial lag model analysis shows, we can see that local knowledge innovation ability is not only affected by the local universities, but also affected by the knowledge spillovers of universities from surrounding geographical proximity areas. And the GWR model can reflect the spatial difference of spillover effects from universities to the local innovation Output.Design an assessment index system to assess the scientific and technologicaI(S&T) innovation ability of 51 states in the United States from the year 2000 to 2010, and then reveal the spatial pattern of the regional S&T innovation ability through spatial analysis. By comparison the spatial pattern between the regional S&T innovation ability and the university knowledge innovation ability of America, we find out that that these two innovation abilities were spatially coupled. Those states such as Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, California and Texas were significantly coupled spatially. In the next step, coupling coordinated degree model is used to calculate the coupling coordinated degree between the university knowledge innovation ability and the regional S&T innovation ability of America’s 51 states in the year of 2000 and 2010.The result shows that high degree of coupling between the American university knowledge innovation and regional S&T innovation system.This research also applies coordinated degree model to explain the unreasonable phenomenon that two abilities in the underdevelopment areas are significantly coupled, found that coordination coupling value of US 51 states have been enhanced in the study period, indicating that the fusion between the university knowledge innovation and regional S&T innovation system is getting better.According to the results, America’s 51 states can be divided into four categories. The states where the two abilities are significantly coupled mainly located in the eastern coastal areas, the Great Lakes areas and the western coastal areas. The reason is those states are not only economically but also educationally advanced. Numerous research-oriented universities, highly developed production-study-research cooperation network and the frequent cooperation between the universities and other innovative bodies guarantee the significant coupling value. |
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