A Study On The S&T Long-Term Development Plans Since P.R.C Established

As an important method of promoting and leading science and technology (S&T) development from state-level, S&T long-term plan has attracted many governments’ attention, since it was first successfully applied by ex-Russian in1920s. Specially in the1990s, was following the worldwide scale S&T and economic globalization tide, the developed countries made S&T project and plan to increase R&D cost, and took it as emphasis of country strategy, instead of no-intervene policy.Since P.R.C was founded, nine important S&T long-term plans have been made, which are very different on function and influence, although they met the requirement and strategic choice of Chinese society, economy and defendant in various phrase. The S&T long-term plans made in1956and1986were more successful. But the study of Chinese S&T emphasized on its history (including policy history and thinking history), scarcely on the S&T long-term plans. So the paper attempts to historically analyze the five phases’S&T long-term plans, under the frame of social, political, economical and S&T systems. The paper takes the thread-string-pearl method to study the cases and its evolution。The long-term development plan takes the S&T system as the main object of study, based on the research mutual function relations of S&T system, the economical system and the social system. It outlines blueprint about the future science and technology development as well as how the S&T promote economy growth and the social comprehensive advancement, and eventually puts this blueprint into the realization through the plan implementation. The long-term plan goal, the deadline, the scope, the organization involved, the method and the appraisal and the adjustment constitute five factors of the S&T plan.Before reform and open policy, Chinese S&T plan system basically followed former Soviet Union’s technical plan pattern. But as a result of the unceasing political activity disturbance, Chinese S&T plan system never came to the same thorough consummation degree as the former Soviet Union’s. After First Five-year plan was completed smoothly, Chinese Communist Party (CCP) proposed "march to science" summons and "Double Hundred" policy, made the first long-term plan (1956～1967) and promoted the S&T development. So first "gold time" appeared in new Chinese science and technology history. The primary reasons of the S&T plan successfully implemented in1956, including that nationalized science organization, highly effective mobilization mechanism, abroad student’s function, former Soviet Union’s aid, scientific and technical worker patriotic zeal and arduous spirit. This plan has also many shortcomings and limitations such as the prominent national defense industry, the policy belittling basic research, more cost paid by the agriculture pays and so on. Since the summer in1957, politics ideology movement had affected the S&T plan. On the one hand, it came from the domestic. The counter-right magnification caused the technical personnel who had been incorrectly divided into the right wing to receive constrains. The "Double Hundred" policy was disturbed; the S&T development was severely destroyed by the excessive technological revolution during the "Great Leap Forward" movement. On the other hand, it came from the worse Sino-Soviet relations when Soviet Union tears the aid contract unilaterally. Chinese central government, in the winter of1960, proposed the "adjustment, consolidation, substantiality, enhancement" policy, the field of science and technology also immediately carried on the adjustment, promulgated "the S&T constitution","took off the hat and gave coronation" for intellectual."Ten-Year S&T Plan"(1963～1972) determined to "rely on our own effort to revive, to try to catch up" policy, proposed a viewpoint that the S&T modernization was key to realize agricultural, industrial, the national defense and the science and technology modernization. The direction of plan was clear, the goal and duty was reasonable, and it was also practical and feasible, powerfully carried out. It played the important historical role to instruct Chinese science and technology enterprise development. The defense-related S&T plan obtained the huge success, special the project of "two bombs, one satellite". The plan’s execution fell basically into the stop by the impact of "Cultural Revolution", but the measures which "Ten-Year Science Plans" formulated,such as relying on our own effort, striving for the foreign aid as the auxiliary, were always affecting the Chinese S&T development pattern in a long time, instead of three years when the plan was executed.After reform and open policy, Chinese S&T plan enormously promoted the science and technology enterprise development when the quite perfect plan system is gradually established. In1978, faced with peace and development time and the new world S&T revolution impact, Deng Xiaoping became the leader of Chinese S&T enterprises, the national scientific congress was held, and the science spring was came."1978～1985National S&T Development Plan Summary" obviously reflected impetuous and impractical spirits. Along with economic policy adjustment and reality being understood thoroughly, it was not difficult to see the comprehensive adjustment to "eight years plan" in1982. To recollect "eight years plan" formulation and adjustment, it had not been carried out because the S&T and the economy came apart mutually, the economical expert opinion was not adopted, and even the economist was not invited to participate in the plan formulation. Only when the economy and the technical department make efforts together to formulate the practical and feasible plan, it can achieve the S&T, the economy and sociality to develop harmoniously. In1980s, the guidelines of "to depend on the S&T","market Oriented" and to climb the peak of the S&T were established. In1990s, the strategy of relying on science and education to rejuvenate the nation was proposed, which integrated the science and technology into the economical and the social development, formulated a series of policies to carry out this strategy. The turn of the century, facing the tide of the economy based on knowledge, Chinese science and technology policy has carried on the new adjustment and the consummation to construct state innovation system. In this period, several S&T long-term plans were formulated and implemented, the reform of the science and technology system began and eventually formed a comprehensive, perfect plan system,which deployed the S&T into four levels, formed truly tended to the consummation technical, namely long-term plan (15years)â†'5year trundle planâ†'special science and technology planâ†'annual plan. Among them,"1986-2000Year state Science and technology Development Plan Summary" affects profoundly, more successful. This plan rejected the "surpasses" strategy, developed Chinese-style science and technology system according to actual situation. Its prominent characteristic is:First, emphasize technical and the economical union, impel the reform of the science and technology system; Second, promulgate and implement the technical policy which promoted the scientific and technical payoffs to be applied widely and rapidly in the economical field; Third, a serial S&T plans are stipulated,such as high-tech research plan (863), impel the high-tech industrialization plan, the star-and-fire plan(countryside oriented), national natural sciences fund (to support basic research). They had guaranteed the plan to be implemented, and carried on the beneficial exploration for the state to manage S&T activity and collocate S&T resources. With the economical globalization deepening, the process of the science and technical R&D globalization is also speeding up. After joining WTO, Chinese open speed become faster, it need to absorb and profit from the developed countries’ science and technology, China seeks own innovation and the breakthrough, and in this foundation, thus is solving Chinese development problem."2006-2020State Medium and Long-term Science and Technological development Plan Summary" has many characteristics:Firstly, make clear of the state objective, namely, to provide the formidable S&T support for comprehensively constructing well-off society’s grand goal in2020. Secondly, give prominence to strategic priority and insist on the principle "Focus on something whilst leave alone something else.’ Thirdly, make a point of interacting technology, economy and society development. Fourth, strengthen systematic innovation. Fifth, manifest the regional characteristic. Sixth, pay attention to open environment and locate Chinese S&T in the global S&T competition and cooperation. At the same time, the process of formulating plan is exposed abroad. Seventh, encourage the public to participate in the process of the plan-formulated and reach the consensus in the entire society.Finally, this paper analyses Chinese S&T plans as a whole from several angles such as general character and diversification, time dimension, deflection and misplay. This paper proposes suggestions on plan formulation, implementation, evaluation:valuing technology foresight in technical plan function; taking the function of technology foresight in plan formulation, the domain field and the key direction which must serve the national objective; constructing the expert consult the system based on the Web Services; enhancing science and technology plan legalization and the sequencing construct; establishing and consummating the appraisal system and so on.