China's Employment Problem During The Transitional Period Of Study

Though China’s economy have kept high speed and sustainable growth in last30years after the fulfillment of reform and opening-up policy, the employment problem has been more prominent and severe than ever. Various employment issues draw us attention, which includes:decreasing job-creating capability of economy, stressing labor relations, incessant labor conflict and disputes. The employment problem would only be the quantity issue of employment under the logic of traditional economics implied assumption that the positive correlation between the quantity and quality of employment would reach the consensus of which the economy growth increases the quantity of employment and quality of employment consequently. Nevertheless, the practice during the transition phrase gave the adverse evidence:the significant quantity increasing of employment didn’t producing the expected significant quality increasing of employment, and labor, as a group, didn’t share the fruit of development as expected.With the approaching of new transition phase in China, the function of employment should be defined as the important way for labor to increase their living level and promote self-development as well as the basic element of economic growth. Consequently, the focus of employment problem should transit from dealing with "job" to dealing with "job" and "welfare". Employment is the foundation of the people’s livelihood. As "12th five-year plan" points out, the protection and improvement adhere to people’s livelihood as accelerating transformation of the mode of economic development of the basic starting point and the foothold. The employment problem should be analyzed and researched from new perspective.This paper points out, the scientific outlook on development provides an new perspective to research theory of economic growth and employment. In brief, the quantity and quality of employment are the inter-linked sections of issue of employment. The analysis and research of employment in China should be labor-oriented and set the target of mutual promotion between the quantity and quality of employment, between the self-development of labor and economic growth.This paper includes8sections.①Preface. This section points out, the issue of employment is not only the quantity of employment but also the quality of employment. The purpose of this paper is analyzing and researching the employment problem in nowadays by the new analysis framework concluded from the new perspective supported by the scientific outlook on development. The basic methodology applied in this paper is historical materialism. The important research methods include marcoeconomics analysis, microeconomics analysis, normative analysis, empirical analysis, logic analysis, historical analysis, etc.②Paper Review. This section collect, narrate, induct and evaluate the Marxism’s employment theory, main stream employment in western countries, theory of economic development and employment change and theory of development outlook, etc.③Status and change of employment problem during transition phase in China. By analyzing the change of quantity and quality of employment during transition phase in China, this section describes the quantity of employment as "high speed growth and low employment rate" and the quality of employment as "low wage and low welfare".④Crux of employment problem during transition phase in China. According to the analysis as above, this section concludes the crux of employment problem as three main factors:Firstly, the slow-down of industrial structure adjustment as the objective factor, the shortcomings of employment institution as subjective factor, the export-oriented mode of economic development as the main external pressure. As we can see, lacking of the direction of the scientific outlook on development in the process of dealing with the economic development and employment is the crux of occurrence of employment problems.⑤Analysis framework of employment problems on the perspective of the scientific outlook on development. In this section, the new analysis paradigm of employment problem in China is described. In this framework, the transformation from GDP-oriented to labor-oriented is emphasized. More attention is focused on the inter-links of economic development and employment problems. The main idea of evaluating system of employment status, the mechanism of dual circulation in employment for the purpose of implementation of "dual promotion"(mutual promotion between the quantity and quality of employment, between the self-development of labor and economic growth) and the relevant policies implication of new analysis framework are narrated.⑥Employment of peasant workers. Both "tide of peasant workers" and "shortage of peasant workers"are analyzed empirically and explained theoretically on the foundation of analysis framework of employment on the perspective of the scientific outlook on development.⑦Employment of college graduates. The "employment difficulty" of college graduates is analyzed empirically and explained theoretically on the foundation of analysis framework of employment on the perspective of the scientific outlook on development.⑧Policies implication on the employment problem. As this section points out, dealing with the employment problems need consolidate the building-up the scientific outlook on development as the foundation of governmental employment regulation. The essential path of dealing with the employment problems in China is "structure adjustment and development mode transformation". It is important to protect the right and benefit of labor, increase the capacity of labor, promote both the quantity and quality of employment by making both government’s and market’s function available.Five main ideas of this paper can be narrated as follow:①The quantity and quality of employment are the inter-linked sections of issue of employment. The increasing of quantity can’t induce logically the improvement of quality. It is essential to combine both so that the current employment problem can be explored.②Economic growth can produce both material output and the sustainable development of labor. The function of employment should be defined as the important way for labor to increase their living level and promote self-development as well as the basic element of economic growth.③Severe employment problems during transition phase in China due to lacking of the direction of the scientific outlook on development in the process of dealing with the economic development and employment.④main content of analysis framework of employment on the perspective of the scientific outlook on development include:based on the labor-oriented analysis, for the purpose of mutual promotion between the quantity and quality of employment, between the self-development of labor and economic growth, the design sketch for evaluation system combining the employment indicators and economic growth indicators, the mechanism of dual circulation in employment for the purpose of implementation of "dual promotion" and the relevant policies implication.⑤By the empirical analysis on the issues of "tide of peasant workers","shortage of peasant workers"and "employment difficulty of college graduates", the explanation power of analysis framework of employment on the perspective of the scientific outlook on development are testified. Relevant policies implications are narrated.This paper may be an important innovation in accordance with the degree of severity of light arranged mainly in the following four aspects:①New perspective of employment theoretical research is narrated. Comparing with the main stream employment theory in western countries characterized as quantitative analysis, this study emphasizes the role of scientific outlook on development in the process of analyzing and reviewing the various employment problems during the transition phase in China. It is essential to hold the basic viewpoint of labor-oriented, to combine the research of employment with the research of economic development. Exploring the employment problems without the support of research of economic development, employment problems just can’t exist. On the other hand, without the enough actual information on employment, the economic development just can’t sustainable. In this paper, the first innovation is studying employment problems on the perspective of the scientific outlook on development. Mutual promotion between the quantity and quality of employment, between the self-development of labor and economic growth are explored on the foundation of labor-oriented analysis.②the mechanism of dual circulation in employment is narrated. As for the topic of employment mechanism, the researches in China focus on how to improve employment by development of labor market and free movement of labor. The research on issue of quantity and quality were isolated in its field. In this paper, the mechanism of employment focuses on mutual promotion mechanism between the self-development of labor and economic growth. That’s why the dual circulation of employment mechanism, which means the employment circulation occurred between the labor’s survival development and economic scale growing and the employment circulation occurred between labor’s self-development and economic development, is narrated. This is the advancement of employment mechanism in China.③the design sketch of building-up the evaluation system of employment is narrated. How to evaluate the employment status is the key issue of studying the employment problems. Based on the labor-oriented analysis, focusing on the relationship between self-development of labor and economic development, this paper describes the design sketch of the evaluation system of employment. This is an innovation on evaluation methodology of studying employment problems.④New judgments and ideas are narrated on the topic of employment of peasant workers and college graduates. According to the analysis framework applied in this paper, the employment of peasant workers and college graduates especially. As this paper points out, the dual circulation of employment must be fulfilled so that both the function of market mechanism and the macroeconomic regulation of government can be emphasized.