| Efficient scientific study requires organized cooperation between scientists, as well in contemporary science as in the past. During the early modern science, there are individual model and group model of scientists, which is an important way to generate new knowledge and to ensure the quality of the new knowledge, also the shift from the individual model to group model is the sign of the scientific research traditional conversion. In Renaissance, there is the earliest academy of sciences in Italy. Among of them, the Accademia dei Lincei (Rome,1603) and the Accademia del Cimento (Florence,1657) are the much more influential academy of sciences. The former is the most influential way of the dissemination of the early modern scientific knowledge, which created the scientific spirit of the freedom to explore the nature science; the later, established the scientific spirit of experimental status, and foreshadowed the birth and development of the modern academy of sciences. The establishment of the early academy of sciences is the sign of the science has entered into the critical period of a new production of scientific knowledge, they are more successful conversion of the individual’s interest in science as a common system of scientific concepts, to laid foundation for the development of science and scientific organization. The process of modern Europe science institutional is the way of interacts between the science and society during the16-17century, which emerged as a symbol of the model of the Royal Society and the French Academy of Sciences. At the end of the18th century, the scientific activities spread in other European countries, the new form of scientific knowledge appeared at the same time in European countries and the establishment of the academy of science had been being a trend. In the19-20th century, the rising of science in Asia and Africa shows that the science is becoming a global career, they all followed the model of the Royal Society or the French Academy of Sciences to establish the national academy of sciences. From this point, we could consider that the system of the academy of sciences has been formed in the world and it’s become a global system.During the middle of the20th century, the interaction between science and society is increasing; and science has got into "post-academic" from "academic science". There are some changes, including the characteristics of scientific research, organizational model, source of fund and reward system, and so on. In the historical context of academy of science and science, there are two distinct phenomena, on the one hand, the traditional form of scientific organization-the academy of sciences is facing multiple difficulties, such as the weakening of the research function, the shaping by the social factors, the stress of the political body; on the other hand, a new form of scientific organization-the scientists (or academy) alliances was emerged, which is based on the TWAS and is the mode of cross-regional, multi-disciplinary organization. The scientists (or academy) alliances are adapted to the diversity of scientific development and complexity of knowledge production, which shows the strong potential of the development.Third World Academy of Science was established in1983, which is now the largest and most authoritative in the developing countries, also is a non-governmental and non-profit scientific organization. Its mission is to reward the scientists" outstanding achievements, to foster scientific capacity and to compensate for the lack of the international scientific community in this area. Abdus Salam is the initiator and founder of the TWAS. He laid the basic pattern, direction and main objectives of the TWAS. In the nearly30years of development process, the council, committee, and regional offices formed the administrative structure of academy of the science, which also is responsible for the day-to-day activities, project settings, and the selection of fellow and reward. As the invisible college of the developing countries, TWAS set up research projects and scientific awards to nurture and promote the scientific development of developing countries. TWAS General Conference and its publications are modes of communication of the academy, the former with the local favor, which pays attention to the organized-countries. Integration of resources based distributed, multi-interest demands, approved incentives and cultivation is the main function of the TWAS, which also makes the accumulation of international influence of the academy and the TWAS is becoming the important partner to participate in the world’s major scientific dialogue. Since1983, the establishment of TWAS, there are13scientists (and the academy) alliances, which are inter-regional scientific organizations formed by scientists or academy. They have three characteristics including the limited of body, commonality of goal and sharing of the knowledge. During these scientists (or academy) alliances, TWAS is the first established and the well-institutional scientific organization. TWAS has a certain demonstration effect, which including, the setting of clear objectives, the more stringent accesses system of fellow and the material basis for the establishment of the system, and so on. Italy, China, India and other countries’governments and the foundations are the important source of fund of the TWAS, and enhance the right to speak of the academy of sciences in the world’s major scientific issues.Based on the theory of Niklas Luhmann’s functional-structuralism (also means the general theory of social system, Functional Systems Theory), we construct the evaluation standard of the international influence of the academy of sciences. As a concrete system, academy of sciences has the characteristics of the autonomy, adaptability and learning ability. The connotation and denotation of autonomy are the main contents of the internal operation mechanism of the system, because of the connotation of the academy of science is the same, the denotation is very different. Thus, according to denotation of time and space, we’ll analyze the international influence of the academy of sciences. In our opinion, in terms of time dimension, the international influence of the academy of science should has the stretches, which means that should has the ability to keep a period of relative stability and independence; on the view of space dimension, which has the diffusion mechanism, that is as a system, the academy of science not only has the adaptability, but also has the ability to learn, to adjust the structure and function during the changed environment. From the history of the development of science, we know that the academy of science plays an important role during the transfer process of the science center. As the ascension of the international influence and status of the academy of science, this will help to make this area becomes the centre of the world science. The academy of sciences is one of the oldest scientific organizations and the most extensive scientific system mode, which continued for about350years. With the development of science, as well as scientific external environment changes, academy of science is facing many difficulties; to form the international of the academy of science alliance will be the continuation of the development of the academy of sciences. Science is an endless frontier and an endless resource, is an essential part of the national investment. The changes of the scientific operation environment and the scientific organization, which make the impossible of the single world science center; the multi-world science center is perhaps the scientific development trend of the future. |
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