Countries Under The Perspective Of Tibetan Farmers And Herdsmen Behavior Research

Under the theoretical background of Social Change, this study analyzed the Tibetan economy and the social changes in the rapid modernization by using the methods of economics and researched the relationship between environment and culture, nomadic culture and economic behavior, survival ethics and rational existence under the Tibetan farmers and herdsmen’s livelihood change. The study is also an interdisciplinary program that drew the reference from sociology, ethnology, religious studies, politics and other social theories and concepts. From the perspective of the survival ration and the change of livelihood systems, the study hunted the coupling mechanism among the Tibetan nomadic livelihood systems, ecological and nomadic culture and proposed the interaction-bridge mechanism between the state will and the Tibetan farmers and herdsmen’s behavior in Tibetan economic and social development in order to grasp the scientific way of sustainable economic and social development in Tibetan area.In the developmental context of "state will", the study focused on the interaction between the state will and Tibetan farmers and herdsmen’s behavior and collaborative development of Tibetan and the state in the Chinese modernization process. Since the Tibetan democratic reform in1950s, especially since the reform and opening up, Tibetan area step into an unprecedented processing of modernization. The economy and society has undergone tremendous changes and was influenced by the authority of the state mandatory, in the other words, the state power is the important driving force of Tibetan economic and social change. On the historical perspective, the state intervention had great help in Tibetan economic development, farmers and herdsmen living standard rising, social harmony and stability, but also destroyed the basic economic living status of Tibetan farmers family and ethnic existent way. After general investigation on development of Tibetan ethnic work after the Liberation, the author is focusing on the interact relationship between state will and Tibetan farmers and herdsmen’s activities and realized in the historical research on the morphological changes of Tibetan society. The basic conclusion is that the state will and Tibetan farmers and herdsmen’s behavior are the interactive and unified process, in which the state will got realization in continuous game with Tibetan farmers and herdsmen’s behavior and the real driving force is the development of Chinese modernization. To maintain unity and stability in China, a multinational country, the state cannot ignore the selection and maintenance of the Tibetan farmers and herdsmen’s behavior and adopt the sustainable development policy that are quite easy to be accepted by Tibetan farmers and herdsmen and that will promote Tibetan economic and social development. In doing so, China will guarantee the harmony and stability of Tibetan area.The main conclusions as follows:1. The people’s means of livelihood is the results of the interaction between natural environment and social environment in the long running. The traditional nomadism changed with reasons, also protected the Tibetan ecological system well. This means of livelihood is the result of local herdsmen long-term adaptation to the nature; meanwhile, it is also suitable for the local environment.2. From the perspective of government, Tibetan modernization is signifying the change of backward mode of production--from traditional nomadism to agriculture, from herdsmen to farmers. In the view of herdsmen, nomadism is still the way of living they cannot give up. It is incompatibility between the modernization policy implemented by the central government and Tibetan nomadic livelihood systems and farmers and herdsmen subsistence rationality. The Change of Tibetan’s means of livelihood has led to many unexpected problems. Some farmers and herdsmen also have their own views and attitude towards the settlement that is quite different from before.3. There is closed consistency and correspondence between the means of livelihood and cognitive system. The livelihood changes will lead to the change of social and cognitive system and the nomadic culture. Therefore, it will be a very difficult process to reconstruct the cognitive system of the present Tibetan farmers and herdsmen.4. It is worth reflecting the central government’s policy orientation in Tibetan areas. The government pursuits the "development" urgently and directly, but ignores the long-term accumulated problem behind the phenomena. The huge gap between the economy and society will bring many ethnic problems to solve the problem that will lead the policy logic of "Simplization" under the enthusiasm and good wishes to solving the problems and will warp the adaptability of livelihood system.5. To develop the Tibetan areas furthermore, it is must be emphasized that we should take the specific advantages in the culture and system of Tibetan minority, use the external conditions, develop its economy and improve social productivity and its spirit culture.6. The economic development model with the leading of central government will force the practice of sustainable development strategies into a structural dilemma. It cannot be solved in "modernization" giving consideration to ecology and development. For the Tibetan areas, it need to explore the system design conforms to the sustainable development of the ecological diversity and cultural diversity.7. In the Tibetan areas, the "Quantities Production" would not help the farmers and herdsmen, but only the "Mass Production". Due to the "mass production" with using of the best modern knowledge and experience, it is so easy to be dispersed and it fits for the rules of adaptation ecology. This mode uses scarce resources moderately, the purpose of which is to help people, but not to make people become the slaves of machine. Nomadic livelihood system is a way of life rather than a means of making living.8. The change is not only an economic problem, but also a problem related to the "existing ethics" of the farmers and herdsmen. Except the economic affordability of them, it is closely related to the psychological bearing capacity. Under the premise of the basic existence, the moderate transformation can enhance the herdsman’s sense of social responsibility and cohesion, otherwise it will only lead to the farmers and herdsmen’s living crisis, social unrest and hindering the development of Tibetan society. Therefore, it is a recipe for us to solve this problem that pay the full attention of farmers and herdsmen’s "existing ethics", grasp the mentality of farmers and herdsmen and establish the reasonable limit that the farmers and herdsmen can accept economically and can identify psychologically.