Study On Expropriated Peasants’Old-Age Security Policy

Expropriated peasants are the associated group during the urbanization. Under the background of urban-rural dualism in social security in our country. Land is not only the basic factor for production, but also bears the function of social security, including employment, pension and so on. Thus, losing land for farmer means that they can not deserve social security either from traditional pattern, or urban social security system because of their special status. Considering specificity of the old-age security in the social security program, the government has formulated a series public policy on old-age security to meet need for pension by the way of introduction of social security, which did not achieve expected effect for policy, ignored different needs and preferences among policy object and leaded to policy situation of " fragments" actually. At the stage, the construction of expropriated peasants’old-age security policy is extremely urgent issue, which matter to social stability and urbanization, balanced development among politics, economy and society, and the construction of harmonious society.Then, what is the policy issue on expropriated peasants’old-age security? Whether the exesting policy supply meet the solution of the policy issue properly? What do expropriated peasants’need for pension. From the macro social background of urban-rural integration, how to achieve policy supply properly meet the solution of the policy issue by effective innovation of public policy? Taking Jiangsu province as research sites, the study oriented to solve the policy issue by appropriate policy supply, not only complete policy issue construction of expropriated peasants’ old-age security, together with evaluate the exesting policy supply at the macro level; But also investigate the expropriated peasants’ tendentiousness to the old-age security policy at the micro level, which is the basis of policy construction. Further more, the study construct the policy framework under the background of urban-rural integration and put forward thought for policy practice and specific suggestions. Above all, the study draws the following conclusions:Firstly, the essence of policy issues on expropriated peasants’ old-age security is the distribution of pension risk in the particular social context of market economy transformation. During the urbanization process in the period of market economy transformation, the responsibility of government for providing employment and pension protection for expropriated peasants is weaken gradually, expropriated peasants can only achieve their pension demand by self-accumulation and market competition, producing a large number of social discontent, thus policy issues being perceived. Further more, it can be identified through issues search that the expropriated peasants’ old-age security policy element issues are pension risk prevention and control resulted from the loss of land during the urbanization process in the period of market economy transformation; On this basis, the expropriated peasants’ old-age security policy issues can be formally expressed as follows: how to allocate the responsibility of the expropriated peasants’ old-age security fairly and reasonably based on the balance of tripartite interests including government, collective and individual and appropriate policy value orientation, and further more determining the scope of pension responsibility of government, collective and individual, thus defining the major groups, ways and levels of the expropriated peasants’ old-age security, and finally promoting the expropriated peasants’ old-age security and the total welfare of the whole society.Secondly, the exesting policy supply failed to properly meet the solution of the policy issue. In the aspect of purposes and objectives, the exesting policy purposes conform to the value of utilitarianism. They consider more about the immediate benefits rather than long-term benefits and pay more attention to the economic benefits, political benefits and ignore the social benefits; the basic principle of the exesting policy goals selection is "low starting point and low standard", so it cannot meet expropriated peasants’ basic need for living. Besides, it is also lack of unity, standardization, long-term plan, so on so forth. In the form of the benefits and service transfer, it confuses some monetary compensatory amount which belongs to the range of compensation right with the basic living currency subsidies which is should be provided to citizens by government. In a word, it confuses "compensation" with "security", so it remains to be discussed in policy moderation. In the rules of the rights application, because the condition of insurance participation is short of normalization and unitarily, it is difficult to cover the old-age security system equally for expropriated peasants with the same condition, which is against the principle of fair distribution; Benefit qualification is too harsh, the expropriated peasants may give up paying the old-age security which will result in the loss of old-age insurance fund; It is also relative unfair to the individual who can not reach the benefits condition. In the aspect of service organization structure, the local government decision is not democracy and scientific enough; There are not enough attention is paid to the implementation of policy and some behavior is still existing which is against "the principle of free will" and only carries out the old-age security policy; Besides, the lack of effective policy supervision leads to the distortion of policy implementation. In the aspect of funds raising,"the series account" link types in overall, because it did not defined scale of individual account and the overall fund strictly, the individual still bear most or all responsibility for funds raising actually; Separate personal account faces to many difficulties in funds hedging, articulation with urban social old-age security policy, so on so forth. At the same time, the way of funds raising faces to inappropriate financing proportion, hidden danger in financing and so on, based on low compensation levels. In the aspect of policy evaluation, the evaluators is not comprehensive, the index is not reasonable and the method is not appropriate, so on so forth. All of these have hindered effective interaction among essential factor of the policy, which is not conducive to development and perfection of expropriated peasants’old-age security policy.Thirdly, there are some differences among the expropriated peasants’tendentiousness to the old-age security policy. The differences exist not only between the elderly and the young expropriated peasants but also in the youth group. In terms of the young expropriated peasants, the tendentiousness to the urban social old-age security policy is negatively correlated to the age, regional economic and social development level and the characters of the investigation places. At the sametime, the tendentiousness is positively correlated to the factors such as the education, non-agricultural employment level, evaluation to the land acquisition compensation and the support of the resettlement. Specifically, the younger expropriated peasants are more likely to participate in the urban social old-age security. Conversely, their willingness is lower. Compared with the developed areas, the young farmers in the undeveloped areas, whose willingness to participate in the urban social old-age security is stronger. Relative to the outer suburbs, the young farmers in the combination of urban and rural, whose willingness to participation in the urban social old-age security is stronger. If the education level is higher than the other groups, willingness to participation in the urban social old-age security is stronger. Conversely, the willingness is lower. If the non-agricultural employment is more stable, the urban social old-age security needs is higher, otherwise the needs is lower. If the evaluation to the land acquisition compensation is higher, peoples’willingness to participation in the urban social old-age security is higher, otherwise the needs is lower. Compared with the single currency compensation placement staff, people who obtain the safeguard placement, their needs of the urban social old-age security is stronger. In terms of the elderly expropriated peasants, the tendentiousness to the security policy of resettlement is positively correlated to the regional economic and social development level, age and the change of the income after the land expropriation. The more economically developed areas, the elderly expropriated peasants are more likely to get the security placement from the government. Conversely, they are more inclined to receive a one-time monetary compensation for land expropriation. Young old farmers are likely to get the security placement provided by the government. As people get older, they are more inclined to one-time acquisition currency compensation placement. Relative to the older farmers whose income is increasing after the land expropriation, the older farmers whose income is decreasing because of the land expropriation, they are more likely to get the security placement from the government.Fourthly, the construction of expropriated peasants’old-age security policy needs to be based on the value of "fair development" respecting for expropriated peasants demand to achieve justice distribution of nursing risk in different social subjects. What’s more the government, individual and collective consist of the main formal responsibility subject of expropriated peasants’old-age security; It’s the natural choice of development trend to bring expropriated peasants into urban old-age security system; It should be done to position all expropriated peasants which are in accordance with the conditions for target group, adhering to basic principles of broad coverage. Based on these, the core content of expropriated peasants’old-age security policy construction is to build rational responsibility structure among government, individual and collective. Among them, the responsibility of government should be defined in basic position to achieve the goal of fairness; The responsibility of individual becomes realization mainly through individual payment to achieve the goal of efficiency; The responsibility of collective share reasonable individual pension liability to achieve the goal of rationality. In the aspect of concrete policy design, we should focus on compensated social risk to bring expropriated peasants into urban social old-age security system in classification, according to subjective and objective differences between groups and individuals in the same group. Finally, To guarantee effective policy practice, we should take institutionalized construction of expropriated peasants’policy as the core, strengthening the construction of external environment system of the policy, including the specification on the process of expropriated peasants’ old-age security policy, the reformation on existing compensation system of land expropriation, the innovation of employment system and the reformation on Hukou, so on so forth.