| At present, China is standing at the crossroads of development, some show optimistic attitudes towards the future of China, however, others show opposite attitudes about it. There is no denying that the potential and challenge of development of China is huge. There are many difficulties to overcome from the "Lewis turning point" to "middle-income trap". In these special conditions, it is imperative to find their own huge potential. the Report of18th CPC National Congress pointed out that "to accelerate the reform of the household registration system, to promote the farmers to become the citizens, orderly". It shows that promote household registration reform and continuation of the development dividend is maybe a breakthrough. To promote the reform of the household registration system is conducive to realize the transfer of farmer workers from the resident population to the household population, reduce institutional discrimination of migrant workers, realize the target of "equal pay for equal work", to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests. Second conducive to the transfer of rural surplus labor force and population to the towns, to improve the level of the population urbanization rate, synchronous development of the household population urbanization rate space urbanization rate. Third conducive to change the concept of consumption of farmer workers from rural to urban transformation and to mobilize their consumer enthusiasm, expanding domestic consumption demand realizing the transformation of economic growth mode. Fourth conducive to realize the free movement between the elements of urban and rural, such as population, land, capital et al. fifth conducive to reduce the surplus labor force in rural areas, improve the intensification level of agricultural production, and promote the development of agricultural industrialization, increase of farmers’income. Currently, some provinces of our country probe to practice the reform of the households registration system, such as Shanghai put forwards the policy of "residence permit" for foreign farmer workers, Guangdong Province carries out become a native citizen with the condition of reaching an degree. Shandong and Hunan Province intend to cancel the difference between urban and rural household registration management system, to erect the urban and rural "unification" of the household registration management system. Shenzhen construct the China’s first "no rural and no farmer city". Chongqing probe to reform household registration system and land manage system, synchronously, basing on farmers returning their lands etc.. Because he household registration system and land system has a natural coupling. During the course of the farmer workers become a urban citizen, we must consider the rural land disposal problem, which requires the linkage of the household registration system reform and land reform, this is the reason why the household registration system in Chongqing be occupied by more people. This paper basing on the macro background of idea of the Report of18th CPC National Congress, and the example of Chongqing’s practicing farmer returning their rural lands starts from Summary of relevant literature, identifies the lack of research, then to built the framework of analysis and using a variety of econometric analysis mode to analyse the farmers households’behaviors in the course of returning their lands. The behaviors including the relationship between farmer s households’part-time work and returning their lands, the willingness and influencing factors of farmers’households’returning rural lands, the risk awareness and its avoidance ability of farmers’households’returning rural lands, the game behaviors of farmers’households to participate in the interests distribution. Finally, this paper basing the perspective of farmers’households to put forward the suggestions that amend the policies of returning rural lands. the main conclusions are as follows:(1) From the views of the analytical framework:first of all, the foundation of farmers’ households returning rural land in the course of the reform of the household registration system is that they have stable sources of non-farm income and stable residence, if they had returned lands without these two conditions, the results would be disastrous. Secondly, in the theory of attitude change, the results of "P-0-X" model shows that the state of imbalance will lead to various changes in cognitive structure of farmers’households returning their lands, as a results, the attitudes of farmers’households maybe can be formed by virtue of this unbalanced relationship and change. Again, the theory of public goods shows the premise of this research, which is the supply of public goods of government in the unit marginal cost is just equal to all the farmers’households’marginal revenue when they returning rural lands. At last, in the game behaviors of farmers’households to participate in the interests distribution, the local government has the "first mover advantage", farmers’households have the "after-mover advantage", but the farmers’household’interests encounter the loss in the face of the government" first-mover advantage" and the village cadres "moral hazard".(2) From the views of the behaviors relationship between farmers’households’part-time work and returning their lands:first of all, the behaviors of farmers’households’part-time work is the result of the seasonal characteristics of the agricultural production, the inefficient agricultural compare benefits and the economic and social development, there are many farmers’households transfer from lower labor remuneration agricultural to nonagricultural industries. with the improvement of labor remuneration, farmers’households are apt to provide more labor. Secondly, during the discussion of the response of farmer’income to rural investment and agricultural land use efficiency, the influence factors including CRSTE, VRSTE,SCALE of agricultural land, the rural investment level have a long stable and positive impact on farmer’income. the contribution to the growth of farmers’income of agricultural land use efficiency’CRSTE is much higher than the rural investment. Consequently, on a long term, although improving the level of rural investment and CRSTE, VRSTE, SCALE have a positive impact on the growth of farmer’income, the growth of farmers’income is much depending on the agricultural land SCALE. In a short term, increasing the level of rural investment will help improve farmer’income, and improving the VRSTE can make farmer’income reduce after the first growth. In the range of decreasing SCALE’returns, the improving of SCALE can also increase farmer’income. Thirdly, during the discussion of the response farmers’households’behaviors of part-time farming to its tilth circulation mode, the common effect factors of the real and type I households choosing their tilth circulation mode including:age of head of households, educational level of head of households, gift of tilths resources, agricultural technology training of households, minimum living guarantee of households; the common effect factors of the type Ⅱ and non-farm households choosing their tilth circulation mode including:age of head of households, the site of non-farm employment; the behavior of characteristic that affecting the real and type I households to choose their tilth circulation mode is apparent more than that of type II and non-farm households’. Finally, in the analysis of impact factors of part-time farmers’household returning their lands, this paper consider that the labor in farmers’households, the main number of farmers’households have a new rural social security, homestead area, contracted land quantities are the common effect factors that have a significant negative impact on the real and type I farmers’households returning rural lands. Impact factors of the head of household education level, the value of rural housing, village public facilities condition, the village from the town’s distance are the common effect factors that have a significant negative impact on the non and type II farmers’households returning rural lands. While, impact factors of the average annual family income, the average non-agricultural income are the common effect factors that have a significant positive impact on the non and type II farmers’households returning rural lands.(3) From the views of an analysis of the willingness and its influencing factors of farmers’ households’returning their lands:first of all, farmers’households have a lower willing to return their lands, compared contracted land, farmers’households are apt to return their homestead. Secondly,the head of farmers’households’age, whether, the mainly family members are settled in urban, non-farm families have stable source of income, whether, lands leave unused, whether, housing subsidies are full and on time, life quality expectations have a significant positive effect on farmers’ household returning contracted land and homestead. On the other hand, whether,the owner is out the long-term non-agricultural workers, whether, lands lie in the scope of urban planning, land policy is changing, being worried about employment have a significant negative effect on farmers’households returning contracted land and homestead. But whether the principal members of the family to enjoy a new farmers’insurance, the expectations of medical and pension insurance only have a significant negative effect on farmers’households returning contracted land. however, land area, land circulation, the expectations of inhabitation have a have a significant effect on farmers’household returning their homestead.(4) From the views of an analysis of the risk awareness and aversion and its Influencing factors of farmers’households’returning Lands:first of all, the same factors are likely to have different impacts on the risk awareness and aversion of the household returning homestead and contracted land, meanwhile, the risk awareness and aversion of impact factors of the farmers’ household returning homestead is more than that of contracted land. Aspects of the risk awareness and aversion of homestead. the head of the farmers’household’age, whether the mainly family members are settled in urban, the expectations of living level after returning lands, the extents of trusting policy have a significant negative effect on risk awareness of farmers’returning homesteads. however, losing stable residence, unable to acquire enough subsidies after returning lands have a significant positive effect on that. the head of the farmers’household’age, whether family have stable residence, whether processing the construction of the new village, whether acquiring enough subsidies on time, whether enjoying a higher level of urban social security after returning homestead have a significant positive effect on the ability of risk aversion of farmers’returning homestead. However, whether family have a breeding operation have a significant negative effect on that. Aspects of the risk awareness and aversion of contracted land. the head of the farmers’household’ age, whether family have a stable income, the family member participate in new rural social security, expectations of quality of life, the extents of trusting policy have a significant negative effect on risk awareness of household returning contracted land. however, unable to acquire a stable career impacting livelihood, unable to unable to get the refund to the pension and health care costs, unable to get full compensation have a significant positive effect on that. the head of the farmers’ household’age, whether the head of the household buy a commercial security, whether family have stable non-farm income, whether getting enough subsidies on time, whether getting a timely employment training and assistance, whether enjoying a high level of urban social security after returning contracted land have a significant positive effect on the ability of risk aversion of farmers’ returning contracted land. whether family have a breeding operation have a significant negative effect on that.(5) From the views of the game behaviors of farmer’households to participate in the interests distribution:the farmers households have "patience advantages" and "after the mover advantage", they are in a dominant position, which comes from the respecting the willingness of farmers’ households giving up their lands of central government, however, this dominant position is relative, which is being weaken, when farmers’households counter "the first mover advantage" of local government and village cadres "moral hazard". Finally, from the farmers’households’point of view, this paper consider that government should ameliorate their policies of giving up land from respecting the willingness of farmers’households’, giving farmers’households the rights of studying out the policies and giving farmers’households the right of choosing the bargaining agent to protect farmers’household’s interests.(6) From the views of basing the perspective of farmers’households to put forward the suggestions that amend the policies of returning rural lands:first of all, this chapter basing on the Institutional Economics analyzes the framework and efficiency of current rural land returning system, the results show that although the current government led mandatory phase and induced institutional change of returning lands are more efficient than that of maintaining the status quo of lands, there exit many questions especially in the aspect of Social Security and increasing the net present value of the income of the farmers’households after returning rural lands. Consequently, we should amend the current system mode of returning rural lands. Secondly, the farmers’households who become urban residents and returning their lands should acquire the urban employment, education, pension, health and housing, meanwhile, government should consummate the compensate mechanism to improve their urban sustainable development capacity because of their losing livelihoods capital after returning lands. This chapter consider that government should establish a flexible compensation mechanism reflects the contracted land economic, the social function of the value and establish the combinations compensation mechanism that embodies the functional value of the homestead including in-kind compensation, monetary compensation, construction compensation. Finally, the chapter consider that local government for the sake of improve the sustainable development capacity of farmers’households returning rural lands should focus on supporting measures to improve the farmers’households’sustainable development, Establishing farmers’households’Protection normal mechanism and improving the capacity of implement the policy for returning rural lands of government. |
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