Research On The Political Pattern Of The North During The Period Of The Sixteen Kingdoms

A state can be regarded as a system, and to analyze the political model of thestate is to study the intenal and external environment, the elements of the constitution,the administrative efficiency and the development direction of a particular politicalsystem. During the Period of Sixteen Kingdoms, the political, economic, military,cultural activities of each state are all affected and restricted by their own politicalmodel.Therefore, the political model can be used as a lever to study varioustransitions of this period, through which we can have a further understanding of thelaw of development of the Sixteen Kingdoms.During the Western Jin Dynasty, Emergence of the minority population in theNorth of China inland, deteriorating environment, national oppression and graduallyupgrade superposition of three factors, this situation makes the national contradictionsrapidly intensified, The Northern barbarian tribes launched a number of uprisings. Inthe rule groups, structural imbalances of power caused" the chaos of eight kings";Sima’s regime was on the verge of collapse. The noble named Liu Yuan from theHu established a state with five tribes firstly; he opened a prelude of the SixteenKingdoms. In order to meet the need of war, the Former Zhao regime experienced thechange, which from following the Han Dynasty to cling on Maodun. Winning thesupport of members from the Central Plains became less important, establishinggrasslands Orthodox was the first task. The national color of the Later Zhao is verystrong."Chong Hu Zhong Yi” had become a basic national policy. These policiesmake a good effect on uniting tribal forces, but also caused Ran Min’s racial killings.On ethnic culture, the five Yan regimes all came from Murong Xianbei.Bysupporting the Western Jin and giveing special care to the Han, Murong Xianbeiannexated some tribal and rase up. Murong Huang complete adjustment andreorganization of the power structure, and considered "Feng Yu letter" as the policyagenda. These moves had laid a solid foundation for Murong Jun to dominate theNortheast China in the future. The Former Yan’s political pattern had been followed by the Later Yan, the Nothern and Southern Yan. Murong Chui’s goal is to restore theFormer Yan’s political pattern. Because of power small, the Northern and SouthernYan had to rule the country by a policy of guarding the territory.The Highest point of the Sixteen Kingdoms was in the Former Qin period. Asrectifying the interior and overall implementation of the Sinicization, introducing theconciliatory policy, Fu Jian not only unified the northern China, has also createdunprecedented flourishing scene of Five Hu era. Because of blind self-confidence, FuJian ignored various hidden dangers inside the country, and eagered to realize thepolitical ideal of the United Multi-ethnic Identity. After the battle of Fei River,potential crisis outbroke in the North, such as a scourge, the Fomer Qin Dynastyswallowed.The Later Qin’s political process can be divided into two stages. Followthe example of the Fomer Qin Dynasty in early, growing prosperity of nationalstrength; Because of external situation continued to deteriorate in the late, loss ofinternal self-regulation mechanism and power struggle intensified, the countrydeclined rapidly.Population movements changed the overall pattern of national distribution inHexi region, shaped the development of five cool powers during the Western JinDynasty. The Fomer Liang and the Western Liang are only Han‘s regimes.They bothsaw aristocratic families as the core, implementing strategies which supporting Jinand relying on Haoqiang.The Later Liang is to establish by Lv Guang, who relying onthe west legion, driven by extreme power and arbitrary, Lv Guang introduced severeconstitutional rule mode. The Southern Liang and the Northern Liang depended onthe powerful tribe’s arm, because of the varying levels of geography and socialdevelopment, differences in culture of ruling; they took up different political models.Tufa Xianbei made the Hehuang valley as a political centre, pursueing the policy ofrace division, Lu Shui Hu Juqu Meng Xun establish the nation, bahanding on ethnichatred and introductioning expansion strategy named “first east and second west”.Although the split and confrontation is a normal in the Sixteen Kingdoms, butthey presented many tendencies in common:From a political perspective, different nations have different managementoptions, which were a typical feature in this period. Most of them had two sets of administrative system.One is emperor-the bureaucracy at all levels–ordinary people;the other is Chanyu--tribal chiefs–tribal members. The former is the imitation of theChinese system, the later is a tribal tradition continued. In political practice,mysticism is more popular; Astrology influenced decisions and became an alternativeweapon in political struggle.From the economic point of view, despite atrophy in the business activities in theNorth, metal currency still play an important role in the exchange of goods andcross-border trade.The traditions of agriculture-oriented thinking of the CentralPlains were generally accepted by the northern barbarian tribes. They attachedimportance to agriculture and encouraged farming. They have changes in lifestylesand production, which not only promoting social progress of the northern barbariantribes, but also accelerating the pace of integration.From the cultural point of view, minorities took to the road of Chinese farmingcivilization, by absorbing intellectuals from the Han, learing their culture, acceptingagricultural civilization. Acceptance of Chinese civilization means to negativenational narrow-mindedness gradually, and clear the internal cohesion of the tribefundamentally. By this way of negative and digestion, minorities came into theChinese system and became an inseparable part of the Chinese nation.