From The Late Qing History And Geography Of Northwest Frontier Look Scholars And Nationalism View

This dissertation takes the historical evolution as the vertical line to reviews the development of the Study of History and Geography of Northwest China during the end of the Qing Dynasty, Early Republic of China and Nanjing National Government Period. It summarizes the development process and achievements in the Study of History and Geography of Northwest China from the end of19th century to the early half of the20th century. Then, it probes into the causes that lead to different development situations of the Study of History and Geography of Northwest China, the changes of research contents of the Study of History and Geography of Northwest China, as well as the developments and evolutions of the frontier viewpoints, ethnological viewpoints of the History and Geography scholars and its interaction with the transformation of the modern territoriality of China that reflected in the Study of History and Geography of Northwest China.This dissertation includes an instruction, the main contents consists of three chapters, a conclusion and the appendices.The introduction section describes the purpose and significance of the topic, relevant research achievements and current status, research methods and innovation of this dissertation. Chapter one mainly researches on the Study of History and Geography of Northwest China at the end of Qing Dynasty. This chapter is divided into three parts. At first, it analyzes the important factors that affect the development of the Study of the History and Geography of Northwest China at the end of Qing Dynasty. Secondly, it introduces the development overview of the Study of the History and Geography of Northwest China. Thirdly, it describes the frontier viewpoints and ethnological viewpoints of History and Geography scholars that exhibited in the Study of the History and Geography of Northwest China. This chapter presents the severe situation of the Northwest Frontier at the end of Qing dynasty. A large number of foreign explorers swarmed into the Northwest Area, they interpreted the sovereignty and territory of the Northwest area according to their needs. Chinese traditional frontier governing rule, frontier viewpoint were strongly impacted by western nation-state frontier viewpoint. Chinese traditional ethnological viewpoint of defense Chinese against Barbarian had changed. These great challenges initiated a research climax in the responsiveness and application of the Study of the History and Geography of Northwest China.The second chapter mainly introduces the development situation of the Study of the History and Geography of Northwest China during the Northern Warlords Government period. the prosperous study of the history and geography in Guangxu and Xuantong years did not continues to prosper, but fell into a depression period, and it did not achieved much success. The foundation of the Republic of China brought about china from imperial country to the modern nation-state. The frontier viewpoint of the History and Geography scholars began to Change. Frontier in geographical sense or cultural significance changed into frontier in political sense, the frontier under the framework of the nation-state. People changed their attitude towards the ethnic minority people in the frontier, and even treated the "frontier residents" as a common member of the Chinese nation.The third Chapter introduces the Study of the History and Geography of Northwest China during the Nanjing National Government Period (to the end of the Anti-Japanese War). During this period, the "9·18" incident and the outbreak of the the Anti-Japanese War were the two important factors that affected the Study of the History and Geography of Northwest China. Before the "9·18" incident, the Northwest Frontier crisis had emerged. After the "9·18"incident, with the deterioration of the Northwest situation, the Study of the History and Geography of Northwest China arrived to a second climax. The government paid more attention to the Northwest, relevant research institutions and publications sprang up, investigation activities in the Northwest were increasing, a large number of traveling diaries were published. At that time, the most popular topic was to discuss the importance of the Northwest area, and to propose some feasible suggestions for the development of the Northwest. The outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War is another factor that affects the development of the Study of the History and Geography of Northwest China. The role of the Northwest area was enhanced as the government took it as the rear base of the Anti-Japanese War. These promote the development of the Study of History and Geography of Northwest China, and a new discipline-Frontier Politics has formed. The researchers strengthened the frontier viewpoint and the ethnological viewpoint, their research changed the Chinese citizens awareness of the Northwest area, thus promote the social change process in that area.The conclusion section summarizes the development process of the Study of History and Geography of Northwest China between the end of Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China period. And it analyzes people’s frontier viewpoint and ethnological viewpoint that reflected in the study of history and geography of Northwest area in different periods. And it probes the transformation and conformation of modern Chinese territory, as well as the formation and conformation of the Chinese Nation.