| The size of the urban population is691million, among which rural-urban floating population is230million in2011, the level of urbanization rate for the first time is more than50%which is51.27%, and further increases to52.57%in2012, increases by1.3percentage points. More than half of the population urbanization rate shows that China grows into a large urban population country from a large agricultural population country. However, more than half of the level of urbanization is only a statistics result that considers a large number of rural surplus labors in cities and towns as urban population. In2011, the proportion of the urban household population is only35%of the total,16.27%of the difference between the two is the proportion of the rural-urban population. The basic public service and social welfare system is bundled with the household registration system, subject to the impact of urban and rural household registration system, the floating population’s basic production, livelihood, employment, housing, education, health care, pension and other social security services that do not enjoy the same treatment with urban residents. In other words,16.27%of the rural-urban floating population only realizes the transformation from the farmer to farmer-worker, which is "semi-citizenization", It reflects that the urbanization is in the low-quality state.Based on the social integration theory of floating population, the paper sets up an index system that is composed of five dimensions that include the will of the citizenization, the ability of the citizenization, the living of citizenization, the behavior of citizenization, the basic public services of citizenization.The content relates to the wish, attitude, culture, economic, political, family stability, educate, employment, social insurance, social relations, human capital and etc. It estimates the current level of citizenization from the nation and region. The result shows that:In2011, the total level of citizenization of migrating population is0.478, which indicates that the rural-urban floating population’s survival, development, basic social services, housing and other conditions is only47.8%of the city residents. Among five dimensions, the level of the citizenization intentions and living respectively is0.731, 0.714; the level of the citizenization behavior and the basic public services is in a relatively low state, respectively is0.363,0.406; the ability of citizenization is0.588. In summary, the citizenization level of migrating population is in a lower state because of the behavior and public services, further, the comprehensive level of citizenization is dropped down by the lower level of citizenization of politics, social security and employment services.The overall level of citizenization is different because of different demographic characteristics. The result shows that:the citizenization level of male and female migrating population from rural-urban is respectively0.475,0.482;The level of citizenization level of the first, second generation of rural-urban migrating population is0.489,0.469; The citizenization level of the migrating population which has been educated for1,6,9,12,14years is respectively0.450,0.459,0.471,0.499,0.532,0.563.It shows that the citizenization level of Migrating Population improves gradually with the high level of education; The citizenization level is different among occupations, industries, sectors. Basically, the level of citizenization of the migrating population that engages in the formal labor market is higher than the informal labor market.The first three of the higher level of citizenization is Shanghai, Beijing, Guangdong across the country,the overall level of citizenization is respectively0.543,0.531,0.514; the first three of the lower level of citizenizationt is Xizang,Hunan,Yunnan,and the overall level of citizenization respectively is0.414,0.428,0.432.The result of cluster analysis which uses respectively the comprehensive level of citizenization, the citizenization intentions, the ability of the citizenization, the behavior of citizenization as well as basic public services shows that the main indicators exists regional difference. The overall citizenization level, the level of citizenization ability and the basic social service are descending generally in accordance with the eastern, central and western (in addition to individual provinces); the intention of citizenization generally is diminishing according to the order of East, West, central. As for the citizenization behavior, it exists regional difference, which is different from other indictors.The factors affecting the citizenization level of rural-urban migrating population include both institutional factors and non-institutional factors. The research shows that:since1958issued by the People’s Republic of China Account Management Registration Ordinance, the difference between urban and rural household registration restricts the migration from rural to urban area, different household registration enjoys different social welfare and security at the same time. The restriction gradually fade out after the reform and opening up, however, the inequality on the social security including medical, pension, housing, employment, education, public culture as well as other basic social public services which attached to the household registration system is more protruding. In recent years, more regions explore the reform of household registration system, but the goal is to attract skilled or highily-educated labor force for local economic development. As for rural-urban floating population of the lower level, there are still more restrictions. Therefore, the household registration system is the most fundamental reason that causes rural-urban floating population "semi-citizenization". The non-institutional level factors include population, economy, employment, and economic as well as subjective wishes. The study shows that:gender, education, age and other demographical characteristics have impact on citizenization, after controlling the variables, income level, type of employment, region and subjective wishes all affect the level of the citizenization of rural-urban population.How high the level of urbanization of the population in the state of "semi-citizenization"? This study from the quality and quantity estimates that the level of urbanization is42.28%in2011,8.99%lower than the current urbanization rate which is51.27%.The difference between the urbanization rate and the level of urbanization in different regions ranges from2.84%to25.39%.There is a bigger gap between the several eastern provinces, followed by the Midwest, northeastern is the smallest. From the citizenization point view, the rate of urbanization is clearly overestimated the real level of urbanization, reflecting the development of urbanization is in low-quality state.Finally, we put forward a series of countermeasures and suggestions against the analysis on citizenization level and influencing factors, including the deepening reform of the household registration system, the training to strengthen professional skills, the building of a variety of platforms to promote rural-urban floating population to achieve social integration. |
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