| Contracted land withdrawal is a real problem that can not be avoided in China’s urbanization process.During the past30some years of reform and opening up, china’s rural working force has seen a large scale of transformation to Non-agricultural sectors, cities and towns. With the acceleration of urbanization, the traditional rural economic structure declines, while a modern rural economic and social system remain unestablished, all leading to "three emptiness" symptom, namely, the desertion of arable lands, the rural empty-nest families and the industry-hollowness, resulting in the abandonment of cultivated lands, low efficiency in allocating cultivated land resources and the "half-urbanization" of agriculture-disorientated farmers. The Party’s Eighteen National Congress has proposed:"to promote positive interaction between industrialization and urbanization, urbanization and agricultural modernization coordination"development strategy, eighteen Third Plenary Session of further pointed out:"uphold and improve the basic economic system, accelerate the construction of new agricultural management system, giving farmers more property rights, exchange and promote urban elements equal balanced allocation of public resources, and improve healthy development of urbanization system". This demands the construction of scientific entering and quitting mechanisms for agriculture-disorientated farmers; and optimization of the resource allocating modes between cities and towns. And that is the basic way of solving the "agriculture, rural areas and peasants" issue.One,The main content of the researchl,the differentiation of farmers and the utility value of the contracted land.The farmer labor force, labor and whole families all from agricultural classification research, from the contract relationship of agricultural farmers on the difference (dependence, dependence, the potential does not depend on), and under the condition of different dependence of contracted land extensive management and choice behavior and the fairness and efficiency "of current land system under the double paradox" the contradiction between people and land the formation of two production, utility, security utility, property utility and psychological effect of multiple utility value and the right to use and right to contract land out of the way, the farmers from agricultural dependency inherent logic relationship, utility value and exit ways of the contracted land.2,investigated and an empirical study on Influencing Factors of the contracted land. Through Chongqing, Hunan, Henan three samples questionnaire and household interviews, based on mastering the sample contract farmers to use and withdrawal of detailed first-hand information, to household characteristics, sample farmers contracted out regional characteristics and environmental conditions were analyzed, and the Logistic mode to the type of rural land exit the influence factor of farmers contracted land, results:the influence factors of management right off exit and contract right exit is basic consistent.8factors, from the agricultural occupation rate, operation rights transfer area, arable land area, the contracted land, non-agricultural income stability, security, exit compensation policy has a positive effect on the management right of exit; and total household population and livelihood depends on2factors such as the management right of withdrawal is a negative impact;6factors of occupation, leaving agriculture rate, the contracted land, non-agricultural income stability, the medical insurance level, exit compensation policy has a positive effect on contracting out; family population, land area and the livelihood of interdependence of3factors from the negative effect on contracting rights.3,analysis farmers contracted to withdraw from farming conditions. Contracted farmers to withdraw from farming need to have certain necessary conditions, necessary and sufficient conditions and macro-policy environment conditions. With the improvement of farmers from agricultural non-farm employment, non-farm income social security, the contracted land management rights and the right to withdraw from contract continuously enhanced. Analysis contracted exit the necessary conditions need to have (non-farm employment, non-farm income, social security, etc.) through the necessary and sufficient condition (exit gain greater income and other interests in land held in security conditions) and the policy environment conditions (residence, social security conditions) etc., found that most farmers from agricultural necessary basic conditions, but the lack of non-farm income from long-term stability, low level of social security, lack of necessary and sufficient conditions for the contractor to quit, quit contracting authority missing mechanism, proposed the establishment of the framework contract exit mechanism (power, compensation, risk prevention, incentive and restraint mechanisms) and clarify its inherent logic links.4,study of dynamic mechanism of the contracted land exit. Through the family contract system farmer quasi retirement conditions, from the strict plan period transfers will retreat, high threshold switch condition free return to the urban and rural low threshold system vicissitude logic paid back to transfer, and further analysis of the current condition of rural contracted land from micro required (exit employment and income security conditions, economic conditions, living conditions, family retreat compensation expected conditions) and macro conditions (the reform of the household registration system, the supply of public goods, social security of supply, the development of factor market etc.), constructed from the farmer contract exit mechanism.5,study on the compensation mechanism of the contracted land exit. The compensation purpose from rural land exit in land resource allocation, compensation is the basis of macro and micro external utility utility value loss compensation liability subject, clear (government, collective economic organizations and new operators); in the survey data and for all from the rural contracted land compensation standard on the basis of studying from the practice, found on the basis of compensation are unclear, the main responsibility is not complete, standard incomplete, insufficient funding sources and methods are too simple, innovative, constructed by the resource value, social security value, expected value added value and other value, scientific and reasonable compensation standards and compensation funding sources, proposed in the social security baseline foundation to establish diversified exit way.6,agricultural farmers contracted to withdraw from risk prevention mechanism. Since the contract has a multiplier effect, such as security and property, peasant farmers from the risk factors individuals, families and natural, economic, social, institutional and other role by either concession or contract right exit, inevitably there are some exit risk. Farmers contracted by farmers to withdraw from existing types of risk analysis (unemployment risk, legal risk, institutional risk, social risk and political risk, etc.), and found the current contract farmers to withdraw from farming greater potential risks and showing the main risk diversification, and transfer of external characteristics, proposed in agricultural farmers contracted to withdraw from the front part to improve the " rural Land Contract Law " to establish contracting exit linkage system and related support policies; quit the session, prepare the necessary exit check the condition, regulate and manage the retreat to assess the value of the equity security, exit the program; link back to supervise and inspect the implementation of the policy to correct the deviation exit, disputes and back to poverty relief work.7,policy incentives and constraints of the contracted land exit mechanism. Through the existing agricultural farmers from exit analysis and institutional defects of the contracted land, clear away from the rural policy exit incentive and constraint contract principle, The public class from rural free return, the establishment of an effective incentive policies (financial compensation, social security, employment training, financial subsidies) guidance from rural, not dependent on aging and potential dependent agricultural farmers voluntarily withdraw from the contract; at the same time, to establish an effective constraint mechanism (use constraint, constraint, constraint and fallow Huinong back constraints), the contracted land, use and inefficient use of land from rural contracted land constraint withdrawal of livelihoods dependent, prevent abuse and blind exit. Two, conclusions and policy recommendationsl,the conclusions of the study(1) the different types of dependencies agriculture-disoriented farmers from agricultural utility value differentiation, the purpose of holding land alienation. Analysis on the types of agricultural-disorientated farmers’dependence on contracted lands. For different dependence relations, the utility value form of the farmers’lands and their holding aims differ. For farmers whose very livelihood depends on the lands, their holding aim is production, employment; income and life security being their major functional values. For farmers with potential dependence, though they now have no livelihood dependence, there are hidden ones, their major functional values being risk unemployment averse, security risks such as pension system. As for non-dependence farmers, they have neither real nor potential dependence on lands, their holding aims is to make more profits through lands, their major functional value being property. The changes in major functional values of the potential and non-dependence farmers are the theoretical bases of their contracted lands withdrawal.(2)to withdraw from the contract farming farmers missing mechanism, a new contradiction between people in rural prominent. China’s current system of rural land contracting missing exit mechanism, does not correspond to the contracted land from agricultural land of farmers’rights and responsibilities, operation and abandonment of extensive spread of urbanization and agricultural modernization blocked coexist; Meanwhile, some farmers from farming evolved into enjoy and gain access to land use rights of city living rent landlords and agricultural subsidies,"agriculture for the industry," the agricultural farmers in low-income agricultural production, not only to expand the production area of land rent to pay, and can not get rent farming agricultural subsidies. Agricultural subsidies imperfect land system and dislocation, resulting in new land conflicts in rural areas showing a "fairness and efficiency" dual paradox.(3)to withdraw from the contract farmers farming situation is complex, many factors. Chongqing, Hunan and Henan farmers contracted to withdraw a sample survey: No Exit69.3%of the total sample,24.6%operating rights to exit the total number of sample households (counted as15.84%by area), the right to exit the contract accounted for10of the total sample%(mostly part of the family member who moved to the town exit). Measurement results show that:the head of household occupation, from the agricultural rate concession area turn out, abandoned the area, the role of contracted land, farm income stability, pension security, exit compensation policies eight factors concession positively affect willingness to quit; and family the total population and livelihoods depend on the extent of the right to operate two factors were negatively affect willingness to quit; headed career, from the agricultural rate, contracted to the role of non-agricultural income stability, health care, compensation policies, quit six factors on the right to withdraw from contract willingness to positively influence; while the total household population, contracting area and livelihoods dependent on three factors such as the right to exit the contract has negative impact on willingness. Farmers from agricultural land concession contract with the contracting authority exit exit influencing factors and the role of consistent direction.(4)lack of farmers contracted to withdraw from agricultural conditions, the mechanism is missing. Farmers from agricultural land concession contract exit low rental income, hills, mountains, mostly gift circulation, or even no direct economic benefits, the right to operate a lack of necessary and sufficient conditions to exit; direct financial compensation and land contract rights to protect farmers from agricultural exit alternative compensation lack of sufficient and necessary inadequate contract right exit conditions. Although part of the necessary conditions of agricultural farmers contracted to withdraw from the (non-farm employment, non-farm income, and even social security, etc.) initially have, but poor stability of non-farm employment, contracting exit in land rights protection is difficult to meet, the condition is not sufficient Establish and improve farmers’ contracted land from agricultural exit mechanism is currently deepening economic and social reform is an urgent need.(5)contracted by fanners to withdraw from the agricultural structural imbalance of power, poor functional coupling. Driven by political, economic and social factors. National food security, cultivated land quality and production capacity, industrial structure adjustment, protection of political power, pushing the central, local government reform, improve the social security system to improve the exit condition; exit back to compensation, security alternative economic pull positive effect, but the agricultural tax cancellation, fallow without responsibility, to withdraw from the economic thrust loss; grain subsidies, seed subsidies, comprehensive agricultural subsidies and land security and other economic resistance reverse effect on exit; out of citizens and improve the education and development of their children and other social power forward role. Overall, the current contract exit total power is not strong, and structural imbalances, the main functional coupling is not smooth, the rural land market lack of motivation, resulting from rural land exit power shortage, need to increase the exit compensation increase out of power.(6)to withdraw from the contract farming farmers based compensation to be clear, the standard must be clear. Contracting exit compensation meets the necessary and sufficient condition to exit, but also enhance quit power, incentive exit behavior Compensation based on contracted land that the legitimate interests of the loss in value caused by the exit. Compensation based on a clear understanding of the existence, the main responsibility is unknown, the standard constitutes failure, lack of funds, the government share the high cost and other issues, Chengdu, Chongqing, Shaanxi and other urban and rural household registration reform. Science compensation standards should include resource value Rtl, protect other values Rt4value Rt2, expected value of the property Rt3and psychological (ie Rtj=Rt1+Rt2+Rt3+Rt4). Compensation disposable monetary compensation and social security advantages and disadvantages, the need to establish a social security compensation based diversified exit compensation.(7)the contracted land exit risk prevention.The rural contracted land exit risk types (unemployment risk, economic risk, political risk, social risk and so on), influence factor analysis of these risks (personal factors, family factors, collective economy organization factors, local government factors) and its mechanism, establish the contracted land, before exit, in each stage a risk prevention mechanism.(8)incentives and constraints of the contracted land exit Through the existing agricultural farmers from exit analysis and institutional defects of the contracted land, clear away from the rural policy exit incentive and constraint contract principle, The public class from rural free return, the establishment of an effective incentive policies (financial compensation, social security, employment training, financial subsidies) guidance from rural, not dependent on aging and potential dependent agricultural farmers voluntarily withdraw from the contract; at the same time, to establish an effective constraint mechanism (use constraint, constraint, constraint and fallow Huinong back constraints), the contracted land, use and inefficient use of land from rural contracted land constraint withdrawal of livelihoods dependent, prevent abuse and blind exit.2,policy recommendationsThe basic policy suggestions of this paper is:in the basic principles from the agricultural farmers paid and voluntary withdrawal of the contracted land, according to the different types of farm farmer dependence and utility value difference demand, construction contracting out from power, conditions, risk prevention system, compensation and incentive and restraint mechanisms for fan, policy of agricultural farmers, support from rural retreat return, guide an orderly exit from the contract, the implementation of land resources optimization allocation, promote the coordinated development of urbanization and agricultural modernization. The specific policy recommendations are:(1)the establishment of a reasonable exit compensation mechanism. In order to establish the level of development of productive forces from the rural contracted land "voluntary exit paid" compensation system, instead of the contracted land property, security and psychological and other non productive utility.(2)the establishment of peasant "retired" system. The majority of farm households intergenerational division is obvious, the old man as a family of agricultural production and operation main body, the continuation of the traditional agriculture occupies the contracted land, inefficient. The establishment of peasant "retired" system, the identity of farmers end of hereditary and tenure, attract older farmers to leave the agricultural, exit the contracted land, create conditions for the transformation of Chinese traditional agriculture.(3)establish the contracted land fallow responsibility system. The lack of responsibility mechanism of arable land, increase from the rural contracted land holding "sticky". China’s contract to guarantee the value orientation of function, make farmland deviated from the nature of the production function, the contracted land fallowing fees charged, increasing the cost of land fallow, promote independent and potential dependent inefficient use of agricultural land from farmers to exit, this is one of the effective ways to promote the cultivated land production function regression. The results show that the profession of the landowner, the function of the contracted land, the stability of the non-agricultural income, the level of health insurance and the issue of the compensation policy are five factors positively concomitant with the withdrawal of the contracted land; however, the size of the family, the agriculture-disoriented rate, the area of the cultivated land and how much livelihood depends upon it are four factors in negative concordance with the intentions to withdraw from the contracted land.(4)the optimization of agricultural subsidy mechanism. The majority of the local percapita contracted to implement the agricultural subsidy system, transfer Huinong policy intention, in the agricultural subsidy "welfare", inhibited the contracting out. Optimization of agricultural subsidy mechanism, cancel from rural agricultural subsidies, increase subsidies for agricultural enterprises, improve the pertinence and effectiveness of agricultural subsidy policy measures.(5)establishing a sound from the rural social security system. And gradually establish and perfect the social security system in urban and rural areas, increase from the rural social security construction, stripping the contracted land social security function, make the occupation from the farmers and the old farmer’s security by dependence on land to rely on social security, remove any menace from the "rear" exit of the contracted land.(6)increaseing from rural occupation skill training, improveing the rural non-agricultural occupation from the technical quality and employment ability. Through the occupation skill training, cultivate resource endowment advantages different from agricultural differentiation group, thus further reducing the agricultural farmer livelihoods depend, provide technical quality guarantee for the stability of non-agricultural income, improve agricultural farmers from the exit of contracted land and reduce the risk of ability. Three, possible innovations1,classify the types of agricultural-disorientated farmers,understand its contracted dependencies, utility value and purpose of holding groundFrom agriculture for farmers of different types of segmentation research understand the different types of farmers contracted land from agricultural dependency and utility value differentiation fission occurs, the purpose of holding alienation. Livelihood from agriculture-dependent type farmers contracted to employment, income and livelihood security as the leading utility value, the purpose is to hold to the production; potential from agricultural farmers dependent type, although currently there is no livelihood dependent on contracted land, but there is a potential livelihood dependence, contracted to hedge the value-oriented functions, the purpose is to prevent the holding of non-agricultural unemployment, pension and other support does not depend on type of farmers from agriculture, there is neither the reality on the contracted interdependence, there was no potential dependence, contracted to property as the leading utility value, holding to the purpose of use of land property rights to get more revenue. Potential dependent and non-dependent type from the type of agricultural farmers contracted dependencies differentiation, leading utility value changes with the purpose of holding land alienation, to withdraw its contract to provide a theoretical basis.2,found missing exit mechanism, a new contradiction between people in rural areas:"fairness and efficiency "double paradoxThe study found:China’s current agricultural system is imperfect, contracted farmers to withdraw from farming missing mechanism, does not correspond to the contracted land from agricultural farmers’rights and responsibilities seriously operation and abandonment of extensive spread of urbanization and agricultural modernization blocked coexist. Part of farmers from farming evolved into enjoy and use of land rights and access to the city rent subsidies and other benefits Habitat agricultural landowners;"agriculture for the industry," the agricultural farmers in low-income agricultural production, not only the need to expand the production area of land to pay rent, and can not get rent farming agricultural subsidies. Imperfect land system, dislocation of agricultural subsidies, leading to a new land conflicts in rural areas showing a "fairness and efficiency" dual paradox.3,constructing exit compensation standards, and the right to contract farmers to exit from farming compensation standard measureMulti-ordinate rural reform pilot area contracted land compensation standard exit through the analysis found that the presence of both the basis of unknown form insufficiency, low standards and other issues. I contracted utility value based on the structure and build contract rights from farmers to quit farming compensation standards. The new contract right exit compensation standards set by the value of contracted land resources, social security value, added value and the expected value of the four other parts, and the various components of a scientific standard of compensation measure.4,according to whether national support, Points targeted for exit from agriculture to compensate farmers contractedFor groups of farmers from agriculture, according to state officials class, market-oriented agricultural employment etc. from farmers Points targeted compensation. Has become a national public official category of farmers from agriculture, such as civil servants, teachers and other countries dependent class from agricultural farmers, forced unpaid exit contracted; non-state dependent class has the ability to work from agricultural farmers through market-oriented self-employment, such as work or business, etc. from agricultural farmers, encouraging " according to the law, voluntary, paid " Exit operating rights and contract rights, and then exit the compensation standards for compensation; old age and other incapacity of farmers from agriculture, to encourage voluntary "retirement" to exit the contract, according to the compensation standard quit giving pension and other compensation. |
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