| Vocabulary in Guanzhong dialects is investigated and studied systematically in this paper,and the author aims to present general picture and lexical features of Guanzhong dialects,meanwhile changes the situation in the study of vocabulary in this area.This paper consists of nine chapters,chapter one is introduction,chapter two to chapter six provides synchronic comparison of vocabulary in Guanzhong dialects in general,chapter seven is the diachronic exploration of development of vocabulary in Guanzhong dialects,chapter eight concentrates on specific topic of fusing pronunciation of dialectal pronoun "ren jia",and the last chapter is the theoretical thinking part.Based on the 1,622 common words which belongs to 27 categories that collected under 48 dialectal spots in Collection of Vocabulary Correspondences in Guanzhong Dialect,there are statistics of consistent words and phrases within Guanzhong dialects and the number and percentage of consistent words and phrases between Guanzhong dialects and Chinese Mandarin in this paper.According to the statistical data,the author arrives at two conclusions:there are high consistency in dialectal vocabulary within Guanzhong area,where the lexical feature can be summarized as be alike in all important essentials while differing in minor points;the consistency in vocabulary between Guanzhong dialects and Chinese Mandarin is relatively high as well,the majority of words and phrases that are consistent within Guanzhong dialects are also in accordance with Chinese Mandarin.In which is the statistical results of the number of different words and phrases within Guanzhong dialects.The author mainly investigates the regional divergence in Guanzhong dialectal vocabulary as well.The majority of Guanzhong dialectal words are disyllabic.The primary distinctions in syllable divergence in vocabulary are differences between disyllabic words and monosyllabic and trisyllabic words.Distinction in word formation is composed of four respects:differences in compounds and derivational words;relations and distinctions among compounds,overlapping words and derivational words;whether there is adjunct modifier or center word in compounds.Differences in word meaning are discussed mainly from the following six aspects:same in form while different in the number of meanings;same in form while different in meaning,and each meaning does not contain the other;same in form and one meaning is contained in the other form's meaning;same in form and overlapping in meaning;different both in form and meaning while has no overlapping and containment;same in form while the emotional attitudes of word meaning are distinct.Eight important phenomena of word formation in Guanzhong dialectal vocabulary are discussed,which respectively are different tones showing different meanings;tone generalization in personal pronoun and kinship terms;words pronunciation that becomes different form original one;word which is formed by different parts of pronunciation of distinct words;superfluous words;simplified words;personalization of nouns that are essentially things;diversity of words that showing animal gender.Tone generalization in personal pronoun is presented as the singular and plural form of personal pronoun I,you,he have the same tone respectively.Tone generalization in kinship terms are divided into two types:generalized to the rising tone of the four tones,and is the main aspect and has 44 spots under this generalization;generalized to the falling tone,and only Huayin and Xingping has this generalization.Word pronunciation and meaning that becomes different form original one along with long time employment,from synchronic view the new one does not correspond to the original one at most times.Word which is formed by different parts of pronunciation of distinct words may separate from original pronunciation and meaning,and pronunciation does not always correspond to the former word.Some of the meanings are changed and reanalyzed to certain morpheme which is similar to former word,then adding another morpheme of the former word and constituting a new compound,and forms the repetitious word formation way.Besides independent using,some compounds may add other morphemes and forming a new compound.Besides the pair "gong" "mu" which show different gender in Guanzhong dialects,other words are used more frequently and widely to present the gender of animals.Each pair of such words are used to certain specific and limited objects and can not be generalized.The reasons for the collocation of animals and pairs of words are persuadable and convincing.There are analysis and description of 137 characters,each of which has same morphemes and different orders in Guanzhong dialects.The author presents structure,part of speech,meaning,usage,definition and examples of them,meanwhile compares similarities and differences among dialect spots.The comparison is also done between words that have same morphemes and different orders in Guanzhong dialects and Chinese Mandarin.The structure of words that have same morphemes and different orders in Guanzhong dialects is highly consistent,among which most are combination type.Parts of speech of words that have same morphemes and different orders such as AB,BA are mostly the same,and the vast majority of them are content words like:verb,noun and adjective.94 ancient Chinese characters frequently used in Guanzhong dialects are listed.Each entry contains form,pronunciation,definition,examples in using,literature and exemplification,description and source.The author compares Guanzhong dialects with words and phrases in Yangxiong's Dialect,as well as with ancient Chinese,explores the evolution of each word,meanwhile compares Guanzhong dialects with other dialects to present synchronic distribution of a certain word.This paper is overall presentation of all types of pronunciation of Guanzhong dialectal pronoun "ren jia".The author reveals the fusing pronunciation relationship between "ren jia" and "nia" from macroscopic perspective and dynamic data,and explains several phenomena.The initial consonant of "nia" comes from "ren",and the vowel comes from "jia",the tone may come from either one of them,and most scholars consider it comes from "jia".The reason why exploration of fusing relationship between"ren jia" and "nia" from synchronic level is difficult is that the vowel and tone have been changed after the formation of "nia",and the development and evolution of "ren jia" is not synchronic with it.The author inspects several language phenomena from the microscopic view,explores the major reason for distinction in Guanzhong dialectal vocabulary,and puts forward the opinion that the process research which Chinese Mandarin and dialects that have strong influence and high position affect other dialects should be strengthened.Theories for lexical research are explored as well. |
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