| The Academies are the earliest high academic institutions in the history of Ancient Greece and Rome.They are characterized by their advanced teachings and scientific researches.Founded in 387 BC,closed in AD 529,the development of the school lasted for 916 years.During the process of the evolution,with the assistance of the religious rituals,the Academies ultimately formed their own spiritual entities,that is,academic traditions in response to social and national needs.The soul of the academic tradition is the academic spirit,and the academic spirit is the expression of the social order by the human knowledge elites.It is the same as the national spirit and the religious spirit,Once it forms its spiritual entity,it will never vanish.In the modern world,the "academic" that identifies the high intelligence activities of human beings,and the "colleges" of the universities are named after the name of "Academy",which is the name of the first Academy of Greece.It can be seen that,the Impact of the Ancient Greek Academies have casted over the Colleges and the Academic lives.From the ideas of the universities,we recognize the inherent consistence of the Academies and the universities,that is,they all set freedom and truth as their highest goals,there all have encyclopedic teachings and scientific researches."University",with its name got late,with its soul formed as early as the era of the Ancient Greece time.The ideas of the Academy determine the form of the Academy,and the ideas of the university defines the form of the university.Just as the nature of human nature depends on the human spirit rather than the human body,any social organization,its essential prescriptions formulated by its invisible spiritual ideas,rather than the visible material form.Considering the unique position of the Academies in the history of human civilization and the history of human higher education,it is necessary to trace the relevant mechanism helping them gain their self-consciousness from the chaos of that era,and also to restore the ideas and practices of the Academies in maximums,summarize from it the spiritual entities of the Academies which has a profound influence ever after,then present the key elements of the academic life,this is the concrete goal of this research.The second goal of this research is to analyze the spiritual formation of the ritual tradition has done on the practitioners in the Academies,to analyze the synergistic effect between religion and the state,explore the respective power boundaries of the religion,the state and the Academies independently,and summarize the external mechanism which maintains the stabilization of the academic spirits during the inheritance.The third goal of this paper is to analyze the difference and connection between academic spirit and humanistic spirit,and to analyze the role of state in the construction of humanistic spirit cultivation mechanism.Based on the above objectives,this research focuses on the formation of physical entities and the formation of intangible spiritual entities,to clarify the role of the state and society in order to take care of the current university education challenges and challenges.Therefore,Base on the previous research achievements related with the Academies,this study,with the help of other multidisciplinary research methods and research results,first surveyed the academy in a holistic perspective to show the overall situation of the evolution of its tangible and intangible entities.First of all,for the core concepts related to this topic: the origin of Paideia,Humanism,the evolution of Scholarship,the higher education of ancient Greece and Rome,give concept definition;for the direct history background of the Academies,trace the origins and give analysis one by one.At the beginning of the study,we mainly study the development of the academy from the macroscopic level,with a view to showing the whole context of the evolution of the Academies.This research establishes the concept of "ancient Greek Academies",defines the temporal and spatial boundaries of research objects,studies the angle of entry and the theoretical orientation of this study.The macroscopic context of the study of the Academies is presented as follows: the rise,development,prosperity and decline of the four stages.The rise of the Academy(387BC-338BC),at the end of the classical period.Analysis of the mother of the "Academy of the Plato Academy" generated social basis.Focusing on the analysis of the following two external mechanisms: the philosophical trend of the city of Athens,the former promotes the formation of the concept of the school,which provides the necessary practice of all the social conditions.In this period,the macroscopic level of the academy shows the characteristics as: single center,that is,the Academy appears only in Polis Athens;the micro level is characterized by the private tutoring and the philosophical teaching.Academy both in the concept and practice level,formed her self-consciousness.The development of the Academies(335BC-30BC),in the Hellenistic stage.With Lyceum Academy and Alexandria Muse Palace as the main analysis target,present the latest development of the Academies This period.The main characteristics of the school shown in two levels,the macro level: multi-centers: Athens,Alexandria,Pergamon,Rhode Island,etc.;private-run-Academies and state-run-Academies both existed.Microlevel: scientific research separated from the pure teaching,pure "academic life" appeared;Science divided into different categories;scholarship groups enjoyed national salaries rise.The National Academic Center is a prominent feature of the Academy in this period.Academic differentiation and scientific specialization were established during this period.The prosperity of the Academies(29BC-337AD),in Roman Empire time.During this period,the ruling class of Rome gradually involved in the management of the Academies running,and the intervention of the state public power affected the operation of the Academy.After the country involved in the operation of the Academy,academic differentiation is more obvious,academic show trends of a pragmatism turn;specialist technology Academies appear,they are mainly as: architecture,medicine,law schools.Due to the needs of the development of the empire,with legal protection of the implementation,the education system established,which also laid the social foundations for the transferring of the academic spirit to the humanistic spirit.The decline of the Academies(338AD-529AD),in the rise of theocracy time.During this period,the development of Academy is in a stagnant stage,there is no new advance.During this period,religion and the state further strengthen the restrictions on the Academies,reflected in the economic blow,free teaching are restricted and even banned.When the academic freedom is gone and academic research's state support mechanism is cancelled,the Academy's tangible entity collapsed.The above content mainly uses the historical literature inspection method,by Burckhardt's cultural history view,from the macro level,presents the development of the Academy,the purpose is to highlight the interaction of the country,society and the Academies.Specifically,analyze the impact of external mechanisms such as religion,state and society on the formation,development,prosperity and decline of the Academies.After the microscopical review of the evolution of the Academies,next move into the middle review for the Academies,the purpose is firstly to show the idea of cultivating the soul of freedom.Specifically,people who foster the realization of the soul to achieve the truth turn,they will consciously launch their actions to truth direction.This chapter focuses on the ideas of the first Academy,"the mother of all other Academies",that is the ideas of Plato's Philosophy Academy.Explores the philosophical roots of Plato's Academy ideas,and concludes that the formation of the philosophy of the academy is based on the need of the intellectual elite to construct a good social order.The middle view starts along the three issues: Why will Plato establish the philosophy Academy? How the practices of the Academy are possible? What is the goal of Plato's Academy? The corresponding answers to the three questions are: the academy fosters the free soul,that is,the virtuous person;Through the systematic knowledge education,The Academy manages to make the souls turn to the direction of the truth;the school by cultivating philosophers first,then select the appropriate ones cultivate them into a philosophical kings,let the philosophy kings run the country to reach state justice,then realize the popular justices among the citizens in the justice states.The last one is also the ultimate goal of Plato's Academy.After the middle view for the Academies' ideas,the next move is getting into the Academies,start the micro-review,the purpose is to restore the main contents of the practices of the Academies: advanced knowledge teaching and truth-oriented research.And then summed up order constructing results by the practices: the formation of the knowledge system and the establishment of the education system.The first,the microexamination,from the teaching of the existing knowledge,to show the external conditions and specific methods to make the soul turn to the truth.This part base of the historical materials of the four major Academies in Athens.Second: discuss the expanding of the new knowledge,presenting the scientific research with truth as the goal.This section starts from the practices of the Lyceum Academy,analyzes the rise of scientific research activities and its performances.Illustrated by Alexandria Muse Palace's scientific research activities,presenting the transferring of the scientific research activities,differentiation,specialization trends.Thirdly: sum up the teachings and scientific research activities of the Academies,presenting the order gradually formed with the social and state intervention to the operation of the Academies: the theoretical level,the establishment of the knowledge classification and scientific methodology,the practice level: the formation of the education system.This make ready both in theory and practice level for the starting of the academic life.On the basis of the ideas and practices of the Academies that already presented,Here,the research combined with the multidisciplinary research methods,and the use of macro and micro studies of the combination of research methods,Analyze the practices of the Academies under the guidance of its ideas under the influence of religion and the participation of the state,presenting the generation mechanism of the academic tradition behind.Specifically,this part investigates the cultivating impact of the rituals to the academic spirit of the teachers and students,and the formation of the common academic spirits for the academic group by the rituals influence from the anthropological and sociological point of view.the study of the formation of their own consciousness.Specifically,according the difference of the objects,they are divided into three groups: rituals for students,teachers and teachers and students separately.First,to the students: the purpose is to establish the ideal of excellence among the students;second,the teachers: the purpose is to establish a model of truth seekers who makes it as his career;third,teachers and students: the purpose here is to shape the academic community spirit.Finally,the ritual tradition of the Academy is a manifestation of the self-consciousness of the Academy,with the help of religion and the state.The purpose of the ceremony is: through the shaping of the consciousness of teachers and students,make the ideas and practices of the Academy to be implemented,so the academic life of the academy can be carried from generation to generation,and ultimately format the separable spiritual entity of the Academy,that is: the academic traditions.Base on that,sum up the external mechanism of the academic tradition inheritance.The last part,Considering the contemporary value of the Academies through above history investigations.A study will be given on the internal and external mechanisms of the Academies which make the Academy a Millennium lasting development.Summarize the ultra-stable structure of the academic tradition behind are: academic spirit,the teachings of the higher knowledge,scientific research,rituals,they identify the nature of the Academies,they are the key elements of the Academy's spiritual entity.Review the history of three Renaissances in Western Europe,basically,they represent the return to the academic tradition generated by the Academy's academic practices.Each return brought the vitality to the society,which stimulated social development,and brought civilization progress.This phenomenon is worth thinking and acting accordingly.Particularly,our "university" form is also borrowed from the West,we should be clear the internal provisions of the University,in order to regulate in time our own actions.Specifically,the inspiration of the Academies left us with the following three points: First,the "humanistic" civic education,with "freedom" as emphasis,pursue the real balance of caring for the self-awareness of the individual citizens,rather than only emphasize its Nationalism side;second,the idea of running the university,adhere to the "truthorientation",With "reason" as emphasis.Mainly from the level of teaching and research two sections,advocate the true return to freedom and truth;the third,discusses the external mechanism in cultivating the "humanistic spirit" society.That is,how the state and society take actions accordingly,here put "order" as the emphasis.Finally,summarize the contemporary revelation of the Academy: which embodies the ideal for freedom,reason and order,which represents the ideal of a spreading of the freedom realization of few citizens to a universal citizen's freedom realization.The last part,Once again,we will reflect on the complex social linkage mechanism in the process of civilization generation,by reviewing the relationship among the Academies and the religion,the state and the society,and with the purpose of taking care of the present. |
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