On The Transformation Of The Structure Of Higher Education Institutions In Federal Germany (1945-1976)

The quantity and scale of higher education increased rapidly after WWII in Federal Germany.Under the pressure,the structure of higer education institutions changed from the Universit?t single-type-structure to the Universit?t – Fachhochshule two-type-structure whereby the higher education completed the transformation of differentiation and diversification.It reloved the innate structural problem of higher education and met the demand of the higher education massification in Federal Germany.The university sole-type stucture formed in the 19 th century.In the structure,the university model monopolized the field of higher education,and mission of all the higher education institutions was academic research and academic personnel training,the exclusive principle was that the research and instruction integrate with each other.This stucture did not leave any room for the differentiation and diversification.Federal Germany has rebuilt its higher education from the end of World War II to 50's.Meanwhile,the higher education institutions restored their university tradition,so the structural contradiction continued.In this period,the higher education massification comed,overload operation of universities made the traditional instruction and learning damaged profoundly,at the same time,the universities had to compete with independent research institution outside the university.The university was beset with difficulties and contradictions both in internal and external affairs.Early 60's,the federation began to aid financially the higher institutions to extend for the shaking off backwardness,which began to change from then on.By the mid of 60's,the basic higher education policies turned to scale expand and structural reform simultaneously,but the practice attached importance to the the former and ignored the latter.When the Federal Germany was awared that the pure expand maked no contribution to solve the crisis,it began to reform the higer education structure in the year of 1966.Under the impetus of the student protest in the 60's,the higher education reform was clearly in order.The cooperative cultural and educational federalism provided the institutional guarantee for the comprehensive reform countryside.“Darendorf Plan” from Baden-Württemberg provided the reform idea.The federation and states reached rapidly the agreement to develop the Gesamthochschule(comprehensive university)jointly.However,different groups exerted their influences on the reform and tried to affect the direction of reform,finnaly,the battle delayed the progress of reform.The economic crisis of 70's leaded to the deterioration of educational environment and the conservative forces also obstructed the reform.Adversely affected by the various factors,the reform experiment of the Gesamthochshule stagnated and suspended in the mid to late 70's.Although the reform of Gesamthochschule did not reach the target,the Fachhochshulen prepared for the Gesamthochschule has developed rapidly because they were able to match the new environment.Other aside,the quantity of the Universities and the Students has increased quickly and the scale has expanded also.Since the mid to late of 70's,the universities and Fachhochschules have been the most important types of higher education of insitutions,and the feature of the two-type stucture has been obvious.In the new structure,the universities continue the academic education with the intigration between research and instruction;the Fachhochschules develop the professional education.The higher education of Federal Germany has hereto completed the mission of the differentiation and diversification.