Why Teacher-Training School Goes To The Countryside:the Rise Of Rural Teacher-Training Education In The Period Of The Republic Of China

The relationship between teacher training education and the rural area has always been a problem since the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China.In the period of the Republic of China,why and how did teacher training education go to the countryside? What were the effects of teacher training education on the countryside? In a word,why did the countryside become the logical starting point for the localization of teacher training education?Nowadays,there are two points of view in this regard: one is that teacher training school going to the countryside is a result of the massive compulsory education in rural areas;The other is that the emergence of rural teacher training school movement is the result of power struggle between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.These views have certain explanatory,but it is actually a linear theory.The birth of rural teacher training education is caused by the comprehensive three elements such as the structure,situation and actors in event sociology.This is:(1)“mode inherited from Gentiles”City Oriented Teacher training Education System since the end of the Qing Dynasty;(2)social politics,economic and cultural situation at that time;(3)the road choice and action of intellectuals,the national government and Communist Party of different social forces.Different social forces have different considerations on teacher training education and rural area relations,which formed the different types of rural teacher training education,namely the exploration and practice of three major social forces led by intellectuals,the Kuomintang government and the Communist Party.The paper will be summed up as three modes of rural teacher training education:Professional-social model,national-stat model and fair-revolution model.Professional-social model.With the development of city economy and the new education system,the departure of the rural gentry from the rural society made a power vacuum,and the dumping of foreign goods has accelerated the decline of rural society.As the representative of the intellectuals Xingzhi Tao and Shuming Liang concerned about the society and people,created rural teacher training school for the country to train teachers of rural social reform,designed the social standard rural teacher training education system and practiced to train rural teacher training school students to become leaders in transforming rural society.This is called the“professional-social model” of rural teacher training education.National-state model.After 1927,the Nanjing National Government established the political objectives of constructing modern nation.Teacher training education had become a tool of national unity,and rural teachers stripped out from the village and became “National People” from“social man”.The state institutionalized rural teacher training education,aiming to cultivate rural student teachers as erectors of national states.We call it “national-state mode”.Fair-revolutionary model.The Communist Party has absorbed Marx's theory of social justice and the theory of class struggle,became the spokesman of the bottom of people oppressed by the feudal and bureaucratic,and they founded the “red rural teachers”in the base area and Liberated Area,paid attention to turning the rural poor children to enrolled students,and intended to cultivate student teachers to become propagandist members of Communist revolution in countryside.It is called “Fair-revolutionary model”.The paper analyzes the historical picture of the interaction between the three rural teacher training education models and the rural society,tries to restore the complex and ever-changing historical motivations and practical logic of the rural teacher training education.This will contribute to explain the historical issue of why teacher training schools went to the countryside,that is,saving rural social crisis through rural teacher training school.At the same time,the experience of rural teachers' localization training in the Republic of China era can provide an important historical mirror for solving the current rural teacher problem and rural revitalization plan.