| As a megacity with a population around 25 million,Shanghai stands in the front line in China in terms of economic aggregate.However,Shanghai's per capita arable land area is only 0.12 mu,and the per capita water resources is only about 89 cubic meters.In Shanghai,the agricultural labor force accounts for only about 3.3% of the total labor force.With speeding up the process of urban-rural integration,the space for agricultural development in Shanghai will be further narrowed.Besides,resources and environment are the main rigid constraints to agricultural development in Shanghai.The agricultural development in Shanghai must rely on scientific and technological progress,in order to enhance resource utilization,land productivity,labor productivity,and to guarantee the supply of agricultural products especially vegetables and other fresh agricultural products.It is not difficult to find that in the past 40 years,a dual structure of “old agriculture” and “new agriculture” exists in Chinese agriculture,in which the “old agriculture” stagnates and “new agriculture” develops.The characteristics of this dual structure include a slow growth of output value index of “farming” represented by crop farming,and a remarkable growth of output value index of “agriculture” consisted by crop farming,forestry,livestock farming,fishery as a whole.And,in the output value from “farming”,the proportion of grain crops gradually decreases while the proportion of fruits and vegetables continuously increases.This kind of structural adjustment is due to the transformation of the agricultural structure and the change of output value of the agricultural structure,which is caused by change of consumption demand.This kind of structural adjustment is obviously different from the agricultural revolution in a common sense in the developed countries.Similarly,in recent years,the agricultural structure and consumption structure in Shanghai have undergone a series of changes: output value index with the inflation factors deducted reflects the strong growth capacity of livestock farming and fishery and their driving force to “agriculture”,while consumers' stable consumption of fruits and vegetables offsets the weak growth of grains produced by traditional crop farming;Under the situation of fast development of “vegetable-fruit” cultivation and “livestock-poultry-fish” farming,agriculture has undergone comprehensive change and innovation in industry management system,production mode,development concept and other aspects,and agriculture also transforms gradually from a labor intensive industry to a new industry which is labor,capital and technology intensive;Besides,the emergence of production and management system such as company + farmers,crop-livestock farming,and family farms,provides numerous possibilities and development space to agricultural technological progress.In view of this,a thorough exploration of evolution path and generative mechanism of agricultural technological progress in Shanghai in the past 40 years,not only can achieve a profound theoretical interpretation of the nature of the progress of agricultural technological progress,but also can give guidance to science and technology required during the agricultural moderation in Shanghai at present and in the future.This paper studies the generative mechanism and evolution of agricultural technological progress in Shanghai,in order to sort out the agricultural development process,accurately portray the path of Shanghai's agricultural technological progress.At the same time,the paper analyzes how institutional factors such as institutional change,scientific and technological activities,capital introduction and policy support play a role in agricultural technological progress,and then coupling the generative mechanism and evolution of agricultural technological progress into a complete system.Therefore,the research of this paper can make a theoretical interpretation of the essence of agricultural technological progress and provide policy advice for the current goal of accelerating the realization of agricultural modernization in Shanghai,and help Shanghai to build a “global excellent city” with positive theoretical and practical significance.This paper intends to solve the key issues are two,one is “Shanghai agricultural technology progress path is what”,the second is “Shanghai agricultural technology progress mechanism is what”,which will focus on the four aspects of decomposition.First,combing the overall situation of agricultural development in Shanghai,put forward the direction of agricultural technology progress and the factors that can influence the progress of agricultural technology.Secondly,through the theory of technological progress,the paper analyzes the application of different types of agricultural technology in Shanghai,and then depicts the path of agricultural technological progress according to the angle of agricultural growth and uses the econometric model to verify it.Thirdly,it discusses the status of institutional change in agricultural development,clarifies the intrinsic relationship between institutional factors and technical factors in Shanghai's agricultural growth,and expounds the mechanism of the mechanism of agricultural technological progress.By the means of study and analysis including deduction,comparison,induction,statistics,mathematics,measurement,interviews,the author conducts a comprehensive discussion on issues including technology demand in development of agricultural industry,trend and selection of technological progress in the perspective of growth of agriculture,status and effect of technology and institution factors in development of agriculture,activities of agricultural science and technology,and effect of policy on application of agricultural technology.The logic of this thesis is as follows.Relevant economic theory as the logical starting point,Shanghai agricultural development as the starting point of analysis,analysis of the use of different types of agricultural technology,portray and empirical the trend of agricultural technological progress.Focusing on the relationship between institutional change and technological progress in the process of agricultural development in macrocosm,focusing on the role of agricultural science and technology activities in agricultural technological progress in microcosm,and outline the mechanism of agricultural technological progress in these two aspects.Combined with the interpretation of Shanghai 's programmatic agricultural policy and the conclusion of the chapters,the mechanism and evolution path of the complete progress of agricultural technology in Shanghai were constructed and the policy suggestions were put forward.The following conclusions have been drawn in this paper:First,in the process of change of agricultural industrial structure in the last 40 years,the agricultural production pattern in Shanghai has undergone tremendous changes.Crop farming has been transformed from mainly the extensive production of grain and oil crops to large-scale organized production of grain crops and cash crops(vegetable and fruit);after a strong growth,livestock farming and fishery have entered a stable,adjusted,and downsized stage,and intensification is the main production mode of these two sectors.In this process of change,Shanghai has formed the development trend featuring land saving and intensification.Under the background of increased multiple-cropping index,improved varieties and improved techniques and agricultural biochemical technology have enhanced the unit yield of crops and livestock;meanwhile,in order to tackle with continuous decrease of agricultural labors,the continuously expanded application of mechanical technology,particularly large agricultural machinery,makes Shanghai follow the similar path for growth of agriculture adopted by European countries which synchronously enhance labor productivity and labor productivity,and this phenomenon is different from the scenario in China.The results of empirical analysis of panel data econometric model also prove this conclusion,and it is clearly shown that biochemical technology is better than mechanical technology in selection of agricultural technology in Shanghai.Second,this paper shows the significance of institutional change to the development of agriculture through the description of historical facts and truths.Based on related theory of economics and interpretation of actualities,taking technology factor and institution factor as exogenous variables,using analysis framework of new classical economic growth theory,it is proved that agricultural economic growth rate is the sum of institutional change rate,rate of technological progress,and growth rate of agricultural population.And,institution factor,technology factor,and labor factor can play an effect independently.Then,using shift share analysis method,taking labor flow situation as the index to observe institutional change,the contribution degree of technology factor and institution factor to the development of agriculture and fishery in Shanghai is calculated.It is found that the effect of technological progress is greater than it of institutional change,and only when the matching degree between technology factor and institution factor reach equilibrium,can the internal vitality of agriculture be stimulated.Third,the “investment” behavior is closely related to agricultural technological progress.In this paper,the generalized concept of investment is interpreted in the aspects of scientific research activities,policy making and change of management system.It is found that,as an investment behavior affecting the front of productivity,scientific research activities provide a good guarantee to the production capacity of agriculture in Shanghai,which realize “quality-centered instead of quantity-centered” by R& D and extension of new varieties and new technologies,thus enhancing efficiency of agriculture and farmers' income.As an administrative policy to guiding investment behavior,policy making can affect the industrial structure and its corresponding technology application in agriculture in Shanghai through both macro and micro dimension.Moreover,the policies with strategic significance can rise to the height of institution,thus will affect the development of agriculture and path of agricultural technological progress.The change of management system will initiate business entities' investment motivation on agricultural production.In this paper,the description of “modern large-scale management” in agriculture in Shanghai shows that new business entities' gradual replacement of conventional farm households,making capital from various channels easily flow into agricultural sector,and promoting progress in agricultural mechanical technology by means of appropriate large-scale management.In addition,due to the fact that investment behaviors include investment in both material and man power,therefore,agricultural technological progress in Shanghai is characteristic of capital bias and skill bias.Based on the above three conclusions,this paper makes an overall description of the generative mechanism and evolution path of agricultural technological progress in Shanghai since the reform and opening up: in the direction of evolution of agricultural technological progress,Shanghai underwent a path following a comprehensive promotion of mechanical technology at the early stage and a focus mainly on biochemical technology supplemented by mechanical technology in recent years,and it can be foreseen that biochemical technology and mechanical technology will be equally focused in the near future;for this evolution path,the establishment of household contract responsibility system liberates the institutional barriers of the planned economy era.While stimulating rural labor force flow,at the meantime,this system promotes the popularity of mechanical technology in the agricultural household production mode.After the third Plenary Session of the 18 th CPC Central Committee,the Central Government asked to promote land transfer and "Three Rights Separation" of land ownership,contract rights and management rights,and these will also become new institutional arrangements which stimulate again the demand for mechanical technology and form a new pattern of technology in the future;the government's policy input,investment in science and technology,as well as the independent investment from various types of business entities,all can fortify innovation,extension,and utilization of various types of agricultural technology.Meanwhile,these "investment" behaviors lead to capital bias and skill bias in agricultural technological progress;besides,policy institutionalization and institution's guiding role to main agricultural business entities effectively link the institutional mechanism and “investment” mechanism,forming a mutually supported and interdependent loop. |
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