| Since the 2008 international financial crisis,with the acceleration of China's industrial restructuring and upgrading,there has been a new round of rapid industrial transfer.For an example,the inward capital from the other provinces to Henan Province amounted to RMB30 billion in 2003,and exceeded RMB 100 billion by 2007.From January to November 2014,a total of RMB 230.06 billion was transfered from the other provinces to the industrial and information fields in the whole province.With the implementation of the strategies of"Great Development of the West"and"Rise of Central China",the improvement in infrastructure of industrial development and economic development has provided a strong support for the industrial transfer.The industrial agglomeration area is the main geographical region for the industrial transfer.More and more attention has been paid to the following questions.During the process of industrial transfer,does the undertaking place also undertaken the pollution transfer?What environmental pollution has been introduced?How serious is environmental pollution?What is the relationship between the economic development and its environmental effects?This paper takes National Zhengzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone?the ZETZ?as the case study area,multi-medium samples were collected and the concentrations of heavy metals were determined for the assessment of the impact of industrial transfer on the accumulation and risks of heavy metals.The relationship between industrial transfer and heavy metal pollution was quantitatively investigated,with an aim to reveal the relationship of economic advantages and environmental effects during industrial transfer.We have collected the soil,atmospheric particulates?TSP?,river water and surface dust samples.Determinations of As,Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Hg,Mn,Ni,Pb and Zn were made using the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry?ICP-MS?,inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry?ICP-AES?and atomic fluorescence spectrometer?AFS?.The average heavy metal concentrations in the control samples which were collected near the ZETZ used as the reference.The Geo-accumulation Index?Igeo?and Pollution Load Index?PLI?were applied to assess the levels of heavy metal pollution in various media in the study area.Combined the spatial interpolation of kriging,the principal component analysis?PCA?,factor analysis?FA?and the cluster analysis?CA?were adopted to identify the sources of heavy metals.The ecological risks of heavy metals in soils were assessed by single potential ecological risk index?E?and integrated potential ecological risk index?RI?.The health risk assessment model?HQ,HI and TCR?proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency?US EPA?was used to evaluate the health risks of heavy metals in soils and TSPs.The pollution level and health risk of heavy metals in dust collected surrounding three typical factories were compared and analyzed.We put forward the concept of"heavy metal accumulation toxic equivalent mass per unit value",which were based on the published research results of soil heavy metals of the two factories and the corrosponding time economy series data.Then,those two relatively independent non-agglomeration factories of Kaifeng City carbon plant?KCF?and Jiyuan wanyang lead smelter?WLS?were compared with the area where with highly concentrated factories,the ZETZ.Accordingly,the soil environmental effects of industrial agglomeration were discussed in depth.The main conclusions are as follows:?1?Heavy metals in multiple environmental media of the study area were accumulated in different degrees.The characteristics for the concentrations and spatial distribution of soil heavy metals are as following.Firstly,the average concentrations of Hg,Pb,Cr,As,Zn,Cd,Ni,Co,Cu and Mn in soils of the ZETZ were 1.62,1.44,1.40,1.36,1.33,1.27,1.24,1.22,1.21 and 1.20 times higher than those of the control area,respectively;Secondly,concentrations for most of the heavy metals in soils generally decreased from northwest to southeast.Areas closer to the city center showed higher heavy metals concentrations in soils.Thirdly,soil heavy metal concentrations around the factories were higher than those in the other land use types.Heavy metal concentrations were comparatively high in the areas with intensively distributed factories.In the areas farther away from the factories,or with lower densities of factories,soil heavy metal concentrations were lower.Forth,the accumulation of heavy metals in soils of the northeast area with many relocated furniture factories is still serious,which was much higher than those of other emerging factory areas.The source identification of soil heavy metals indicated that,Mn was originated from the parent materials;Co,Cr,Ni,Cu and As were mostly influenced by the mixed sources,and Co,Cr,Ni were affected by the mixed sources but tended to came from the natural sources,whereas Cu and As were from the mixed sources and tended to be attributed to the anthropogenic sources.Cd,Hg,Pb and Zn mainly came from the anthropogenic inputs.The average concentrations of Cr,Pb,Zn,Ni,As,Mn,Co,Cu and Cd in TSP of the ZETZ were 2.81,2.38,1.85,1.72,1.51,1.49,1.42,1.33 and 1.18 times higher than those in the control samples,respectively.Three main sources were identified:Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni and Pb mainly came from the mixed sources but slightly tended to orginated from the natural sources;As and Zn also came from the mixed sources which were more influenced by the anthropogenic inputs;Co and Mn mostly originated from the local soil parent materials.Heavy metal concentrations in the river water of the entry section,the interior section,and the outbound section of the Chao River that runs across the ZETZ showed the following results.The concentrations of Cu,Cd,Co,As,Hg,Ni,Zn,Pb,Cr in the river water samples of the outbound section were 5.04,3.14,2.43,2.89,1.76,1.70,1.27,1.17 and 1.14 times higher than those in the entry section,repectively.The average concentrations of Cu,Co,Cd,Hg,Cr,As,Zn,Ni and Pb in the interior section were 5.03,2.60,2.44,2.00,1.60,1.54,1.43,1.35 and 1.19 times higher than those in the entry section,respectively.The source identification of heavy metals in the river water showed that,Cd,As,Cr,Co and Ni were mainly originated from the mixed sources but tended to come from the natural sources;Pb,Zn,Cu and Hg in the river water were also from mixed source but slightly tended to came from the anthropogenic inputs.?2?Although all the heavy metals concentrations in soils of ZETZ were accumulated in different degrees,most of them were slightly contaminated.The result of Igeo revealed that,for the 10 metals,the proportion of non-polluted samples accounted more than 66.59%of the total number of samples;The proportions of unpolluted to moderately polluted samples?0<Igeo<1?of Cr,Zn,As,Pb,Cd,Ni,Cu,Co,Mn and Hg accounted for 32.51%,25.34%,34.66%,21.97%,20.63%,15.92%,15.70%,14.80%,13.00%and 12.33%of the total.Although the contamination of Hg,Cd and Pb were comparatively more serious,the proportions of heavily polluted samples only accounted for 1.35%,0.22%and 0.22%of the total,respectively.From the PLI index which can characterize the degree of comprehensive pollution of heavy metals,the percentages of the soil samples in the non-pollution,slight pollution,and moderate pollution level were 28.03%,67.71%,3.81%and 0.45%,respectively.Soil samples with highly pollution indices were mostly distributed in the area with dense factories,population and highways.The contamination levels of soil HMs in the industrial areas,residential areas and road-dense areas were relatively more serious,which were mainly located in the northeast,northwest and southeast of the ZETZ.The EF results of heavy metals in the TSP of the ZETZ showed that,except Cr and Pb with in slight enrichment level,all the other heavy metals showed in trace enrichment levels,while Cr and Ni in some samples reached the moderate enrichment level.Compared with the entrance section,the HMs in the water of the middle section and the outbound section of the River Chaohe were slightly polluted,with the PLI values of the HMs in the river water of the entrance section slightly higher than those in the middle and outbound section.In the middle section,the element with the highest PLI value was Cu,which was at the heavy pollution level.Cobolt,Cd and Hg were at the moderate pollution level.The elements Cr,As,Zn,Ni and Pb were slightly polluted.In the outbound section,Copper and Cd were at the heavy pollution level,while Co and As were at the moderate pollution level,and Hg,Ni,Zn,Pb and Cr were at the slight pollution level.?3?The soil HMs in the ZETZ generally showed moderate potential ecological risks.The proportion of low ecological risk samples,moderate ecological risk samples,considerable ecological risk samples and high ecological risk samples accounted for 55.61%,35.20%,7.40%and 1.79%,respectively.The major ecological risk factor of HMs in soil was Hg.The non-carcinogenic individual risk index?HQ?and total risk index?HI?were less than1,indicating no non-carcinogenic risks.The carcinogenic risk?CR and TCR?of soil HMs in ZETZ were also far less than the cancer risk standard(1×10-4)recommended by USEPA,indicating no non-carcinogenic risks.Whereas the TCR values were higher than the soil treatment standard(10-6),which showed the possibility of carcinogenic risk.Arsenic was the most important cancer risk factor,and the contribution to TCR was 98.16%.Both of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of HMs in soil of the ZETZ were higher than those in the control area.The average HI values for the heavy metals in TSP of the ZETZ was 2.67,and the average TCR values was 1.18×10-4,both higher than the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk standard recommended by US EPA,indicating the possibility of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks.Mn was the most important non-carcinogenic risk factor.Its contribution rate to HI was as high as 80.86%.Cr was the most important carcinogenic risk factor,and its contribution rate to TCR was 75.10%;in the control area,the HI values of the HMs in TSP were also higher than 1 that indicated the possibility of non-carcinogenic health risks.The average TCR value of the HMs in TSP was 5.11E×10-5 which was within the tolerable limit level of carcinogenic risk.Both of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of HMs in TSP of the ZETZ were higher than those in the control area.?4?Different factories in the ZTEZ have different effects on the concentrations and distribution of heavy metals in its surrounding dusts.The concentrations of heavy metals in the dusts around Foxconn were significantly higher than those in the automobile manufacturer factories,Dongfeng Nissan and Yutong Bus.The accumulation of Pb and Zn in the dusts around all the three factories were the most significant,which possibly due to the dual impact of traffic and factory emissions.With the increase of distance from the factories,the heavy metal concentrations in the dusts showed a trend of increase first,followed by decrease,and the peak value generally appeared at 350500 m.The spatial distance of influence of industrial activities on the heavy metal concentrations in dusts was more than 500 m.The heavy metals in the dust around Foxconn were at the moderate pollution level,and those in the dust around the other two factories were at the slight pollution level.There was neither non-carcinogenic nor carcinogenic risk of heavy metals in the dust for all the three factories.The CF,PLI,HI and TCR of the heavy metals in the dust around Foxconn were higher than those of the other two factories.The results indicated that the influence of electronic factories on the heavy metals in the surrounding dust was stronger than that in the automobile manufacturing factories.?5?The total accumulation mass of As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Ni,Pb,and Zn over the years in soil per million industrial capital output?PMt?in the areas affected by the human activities of ZETZ and the Kaifeng Carbon factory?KCF?were 67.59 kg·yuan-6 and 123.71 kg·yuan-6,respectively.The PMt of Cd,Cr,Pb,and Zn in soil of Wanyang Lead Smelter?WLS?was100.41 kg·yuan-6.The toxic equivalent mass of the eight heavy metals accumulation per capital output?TEM?for KCF and WLS were 2525.79 kg?yuan-6 and 3426.17 kg?yuan-6,and the value of the latter was obviously larger than the former.The TEM of the four heavy metals in soils around the ZETZ,the KCF and the WLS were 129.61 kg?yuan-6,195.15kg?yuan-6 and 412.99 kg?yuan-6,with the latter two obviously larger than the former.The results indicated that the industrial agglomeration is effective in reducing the intensity of heavy metal accumulations,thanks to the technological progress and resource sharing.Compared with the control area,although the soil heavy metals in the industrial agglomeration areas were accumulated to a certain extent,industrial output-accumulation of the soil HMs are significantly lower than those of the non-agglomeration independent factories.In this study,only one industrial agglomeration area,the ZETZ,was analyzed,and the collection of samples for the TSP and the surface dust were performed only once.Although the collection of river water samples was carried out three times,the river in the study area was truncated and the runoff was very small.All of these factors may have a certain degree of impact on the study.It is necessary to carry out continuous monitoring of heavy metal concentrations in multiple environmental media of the industrial agglomeration area,and more case studies of environmental effects of industrial transfer.Furthermore,more case studies of the environmental effects of industrial agglomeration should be carried out. |
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