Research On The Private Garden Style Of The Song Dynasty And Its Evolution Based On Garden Literature

The landscape painting style of the Song Dynasty evolved hugely.This thesis aims to systematically study on the style of private gardens in the Song Dynasty by analyzing the private garden literature,and to answer whether there has been a change in the style of private garden,which is closely related to painting.After reviewed the private gardens literature in the "Quan Song Wen" and Chinese Basic Ancient Books Library,the author finally collects 400 articles.This thesis applies scientific separation and comparison,summary,data statistics and statistical comparison and secondary selected method on the collected garden notes.At the meantime,combined with other garden literature and some archaeological data and garden relics as supporting evidence,the thesis summarizes the private garden style in the Song Dynasty.The result shows there are commonalities in it,but obvious changes as well.Furthermore,through comprehensive research on the development history of private gardens before the Song Dynasty,and the other changes during this period,such as society,politics,economy,culture and so on,the author analyzes the motivation of the evolution of private gardens in the Song Dynasty.The main conclusions of the research are as follows:(1)A summary of the style of private gardens in the Song Dynasty,which includes:?Construction background:The private gardens in the southwest China are prosper during the Song Dynasty.Site selection can be classified as six basic types,which are later outlined in "Yuan Ye" by Ji Cheng Ming Dynasty.In terms of the private garden owner,there are five types,of which the scholars are always the majority.The purpose of the garden construction is usually to enjoy the scenery.? Design methods of gardening elements:Mountain/Rock gardening methods can be classified as three types:building a house to see the mountain,design adapt to local conditions and building artificial mountains.Water source are either bought from nature or artificial production.In terms of building layout,embellishing on the flat place is the major trend.Among the building types,pavilion and hall are the most common,platform and tower are major features as well.The common ornamental plants are pine,bamboo,cypress and flowering plants and the main planting method is based on species.?Spatial organization methods include grand water without mountain,tall building near water,depend mountain towards water or depend water towards mountain,water sandwich in mountains,water flow in the mountains,mainly in architecture and plant.In total,six types mentioned above are practiced through the entire period.?Enjoyable life in private gardens provide three functions:individual dwelling,banqueting and family gathering;"seclusion" and "joy" are the core thought of the Song dynasty.(2)The research founds out the style of the private gardens in the Song Dynasty has commonalities,while it has indeed significant differences.It is believed that the differences are from continuous gradual change overtime instead of a sudden change.?The change of construction background:the most prosperous gardening peak is from the end of the Northern Song Dynasty to the beginning of Southern Song Dynasty;the area of rejuvenation of the garden is changed from the Central Plains to the south of the Yangtze River.The number of private gardens located in urban significantly decreased in the Southern Song Dynasty,while the number of forest site,village site and lake or river site are obviously increased.The proportion of the clan nobility's gardens is increased;the proportion of private gardens which are constructed for educating descendant and observing principle are rising.?The change of application of the garden elements:in the Southern Song Dynasty,the application of building a house to see the mountain increases significantly,and the use of the rock is more emphasized.The mountain designers are altered from the literati to the professional craftsman.Water is extremely popular in the urban private gardens,especially the flowing water.The percentage of building layout adapted to local conditions has increased,and the application of boat-shaped building and library pavilion are gradually increasing in the late Northern Song Dynasty.The flowing plants gets more popular.The symbolic meaning of plants has also been further developed and rationalized,and the application of hybrid planting method has also increased slightly.?“water sandwich in mountains”is a new created garden spatial layout in the Northern Song Dynasty." water flow in the mountains" is greatly developed in the Southern Song Dynasty,which has a profound influence on the posterior gardens.?In terms of the garden activities,entertainment and education became prevalent in the Southern Song Dynasty.The seclusion thought is always linked with the social and political environment.The joy from improving morality become the common value of the Song society.another joy from observing principle is a creative thought to the Song Dynasty.(3)Combined with knowledge from other subjects,the thesis analyzes the motivation of the evolution of private gardens in the Song Dynasty.? The garden practice and theories before the Song Dynasty have influenced the style of the private gardens in the Song Dynasty.Among them,the compromising thought and special guidelines from the Middle Tang Dynasty produce the most impact.?The changes in the geographical environment resources have a direct influence on the change of the gardening style.? The state policy,the group battle of the scholars,the politics of power and the military defeat to foreign countries both have a great influence on the mentality of the scholars,who are the majority of garden designers.This in turn affects the formation of the gardening style.In the meantime,the rationalistic confucian,the land ownership,the commodity economy,the city revolution and other types of culture and art have also directly or indirectly influenced the formation and evolution of the garden style in the Song Dynasty.