| This paper aims to study on affixation word formation in Chinese and Russian.“Affixation refers to a new word that is composed by stems,prefix,suffix and infix.”(1)Generally,the object of study of affixation consists of formative including morpheme,affix and root and additional compound words made up of a variety of additional forms.In Russian,affixation is the most important word formation.However,in recent years,with the affixed trend in the Chinese word formation system,affixation has increasingly become a productive and indispensable auxiliary way to extend the amount of Chinese vocabulary.Now,the development of word formation system in modern Chinese is more and more noticeable.With rising ratio of affixation word formation,the variety of emerging affixes has various trends.Previous studies on affixation word formation show that there are comparatively little studies on the comparison between affixation in Chinese and in Russian.When it comes to the specific area that using statistic analysis of affix to make comparison between affix in Chinese and emerging affix in Russian,no one has ever done it.The comparison between affixation in Chinese and in Russian not only has theoretical significance,but also has practical significance.The results of this study can be effectively applied to language teaching especially in the areas of teaching to foreigners.Also,it has a more direct application value for the translation theory and practice of Chinese and Russian.So,it can be seen as the most important reason for this research.The methodology of this research is composed by analytic and graphic method,diachronic and synchronic method,quantitative and qualitative method,static and dynamic research method.The main content is as following:First,there will be a detailed analysis and comparison between the affixation in Chinese and Russian on the basis of the analysis of basis theories,concepts,definitions,characteristics and formations.Accordingly,the similarities and differences between them can be understood effectively that is Chinese is based on the root of word while Russian is based on the inflectional language.Technologically,the word formation in Russian mainly refers to morphologic word formation whose grammatical function is expressed through various word forms(inflectional suffix).However,strictly there is no suffix in Chinese word formation.It mainly uses affixes to express lexical and grammatical meanings.Second,there is a detailed analysis of morpheme,root,and affix covering definitions,classifications,and criterions.Also,there is a comparison of similarities and differences between the three factors in Chinese and in Russian.For morpheme,there are both similarities and differences.Morpheme in Chinese and Russian both serves as the smallest grammatical unit,which can be divided into root morpheme and affix morpheme.The differences mean that root morpheme in Chinese refer to characters while in Russian it refers to a combination of several tones or syllables.As for affix morpheme,there is little application in Chinese due to lack typical affix morpheme.However,owing to a large amount of affix morphemes,it can be widely used in Russian.Also,affix morpheme in Chinese includes prefix,infix and suffix while in Russian it includes prefix,infix,and suffix that is composed three different forms.Besides,from the perspective of morpheme nature,Chinese does not have zero morphemes while Russian has.There is little typical prefix in Chinese which there are a large amounts of prefixes in Russian.As for infix,it plays special roles in Chinese such as set offing syllable,balancing or strengthening mood and expressing derogatory sense.Differently,infix in Russian serves as a tool to connect two roots or roots and affixes.It has no additional or stylistic meanings.When it comes to suffix,there are no more than 100 suffixes in Chinese while there are about 500 different suffixes in Russian.Third,there is a questionnaire that make investigation on the origin,quantity,and frequency of the affix in Chinese and the emerging affix in Russian.Accordingly,there is analysis of the similarities and differences between the Chinese affix and the emerging Russian affix.On the basis of the analysis,this paper records relevant data and makes relevant graphics and figures.100 respondents were invited in this research,respectively 50 Chinese graduate students and 50 Russian graduate students.The objects of Chinese are composed by 92 monosyllabic class affixes respectively 33 class prefixes and 59 class suffixes and the objects of Russian are composed by 43 emerging affixes respectively 24 emerging prefixes and 19 new emerging suffixes.It finds that the most important features of the Chinese affix are that:1)it has the role that the word inserted in a line of verse for balance or euphony while the emerging affix in Russian does not have that function;2)it has the phenomenon of light tone that Chinese is based on phonetic form(weakening,purifying and intellectualized)and it lacks formal changes while Russian is based on forms(????????????????????????)and it has rich formal changes;3)it has strong productivity.Chinese affixes can form lots of new words via analogizing while Russian affixes are far away from the productivity of Chinese;4)Chinese suffix has both function and notional meanings while Russian emerging in general is the combination of lexical and grammatical meaning.This part is the major innovative part of this paper.Fourth,this paper shows the specific way of word formation of Chinese and Russian and makes comparison of affixation word formation between them.It finds out the similarities and differences between affixation word formation.There are five ways to form a new word,respectively:1)the major ways of affixation are composed by prefix,postfix,suffix,infix,infix-suffix,prefix-suffix,prefix-postfix and suffix-postfix;2)compound method is mainly composed by compound prefix method and compound suffix method;3)zero derivative method;4)facsimile word formation;5)omission word formation which is represented by the truncation-adding method and the abbreviation-adding method.Affixation and compound is most common word formation in Chinese while zero derivative method,facsimile word formation and omission are the characteristics of Russian word formation system. |
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